Sunday, September 27, 2026

Beyond the City of Pergamon: A Landscape Archaeological Study of the Pergamon Micro-Region from the Hellenistic to the Roman Imperial Period

Ludwig, Bernhard

This cumulative thesis is a landscape archaeological study with the aim of identifying and interpreting the interdependencies between the ancient city of Pergamon on the western coast of Asia Minor (present-day Türkiye), urban and rural settlements, and the landscape within its micro-region from the Hellenistic to the Roman Imperial period (3rd century BCE – 3rd century CE). To this end, a research approach based on the category of the micro-region as a spatial and conceptual framework, digital landscape-based analyses, and archaeological surveys was adopted. By means of three case studies on specific aspects of the micro-region and their synthesis, it is thus possible to significantly modify the previous understanding of rural space and its significance for the history of the city of Pergamon. This thesis is able to demonstrate that the settlement structure of the Pergamon Micro-Region underwent a transformation during the period under study, while the city of Pergamon experienced a fundamental urban transformation and changes in its political and social framework. It shows that this transformation was an expression of the dynamically changing needs that emanated from the rulers, the city, and its inhabitants, and that it was promoted by the heterogeneous landscape and Pergamon’s location within it. Thus, previous assumptions about a potential transformation of the rural settlement structure can be put on a much more solid data basis and completely re-evaluated, and the close interdependencies between Pergamon and its micro-region can be revealed. This thesis provides an essential contribution to the ongoing project of the study of Pergamon and the micro-region in which it is embedded. Moreover, it vividly demonstrates how a strongly landscape-based and interdisciplinary approach can be used to arrive at meaningful interpretations that go beyond an individual city and the boundaries artificially drawn by purely geographical or historical-archaeological considerations. With the consistent use of open-source software and the transparent presentation of all analyses, this thesis also guarantees connectivity for further discussions and research on Pergamon and should at the same time offer motivation to apply the approach presented here to the micro-regions of other ancient cities in Asia Minor and beyond in order to arrive at comparative studies and common answers and insights in the future.

Bei der vorliegenden kumulativen Dissertation handelt es sich um eine landschaftsarchäologische Studie mit dem Ziel die Interdependenzen zwischen der antiken Stadt Pergamon an der kleinasiatischen Westküste (heutige Türkei), städtischen und ländlichen Siedlungen und der Landschaft innerhalb ihrer Mikroregion vom Hellenismus bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit (3. Jh. v. Chr. – 3. Jh. n. Chr.) zu identifizieren und zu interpretieren. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein Forschungsansatz gewählt, der auf der Kategorie der Mikroregion als räumlichem und konzeptionellem Rahmen, digitalen landschaftsbasierten Analysen und archäologischen Surveys basiert. Anhand von drei Fallstudien zu spezifischen Aspekten der Mikroregion und deren Synthese kann somit das bisherige Verständnis des ländlichen Raumes und seiner Bedeutung für die Geschichte der Stadt Pergamon deutlich modifiziert werden. Diese Dissertation kann nachweisen, dass die Siedlungsstruktur der Mikroregion Pergamon im Untersuchungszeitraum einer Transformation unterlag, während die Stadt Pergamon einen grundlegenden urbanen Wandel und Veränderungen der politischen und sozialen Rahmenbedingungen erlebte. Sie zeigt, dass diese Transformation ein Ausdruck der sich dynamisch verändernden Bedürfnisse war, die von den Herrschern und der Stadt und ihren Bewohnern ausging, und dass sie durch die heterogene Landschaft und die Lage Pergamons darin befördert wurde. Somit können nicht nur bisherige Annahmen zu einer potentiellen Transformation der ländlichen Siedlungsstruktur auf eine deutlich solidere Datengrundlage gestellt und völlig neu bewertet werden, sondern auch die engen Interdependenzen zwischen Pergamon und seiner Mikroregion aufgedeckt werden. Diese Dissertation liefert damit einen wesentlichen Beitrag für das derzeit laufende Projekt zur Erforschung Pergamons und seiner Mikroregion, in das sie eingebettet ist. Darüber hinaus demonstriert sie anschaulich, wie man mit einem stark auf die Landschaft ausgerichteten und interdisziplinären Ansatz zu aussagekräftigen Interpretationen gelangen kann, die über eine individuelle Stadt und die durch rein geografische oder historisch-archäologische Überlegungen künstlich gezogen Grenzen hinaus gehen. Mit der konsequenten Anwendung von open-source Software und der transparenten Darstellung aller Analysen garantiert die vorliegende Dissertation außerdem die Anschlussfähigkeit für weiterführende Diskussionen und Forschungen in Pergamon und soll gleichzeitig motivieren, den hier präsentierten Ansatz auf die Mikroregionen anderer antiker Städte in Kleinasien und darüber hinaus anzuwenden um so zukünftig zu vergleichenden Studien und übergreifenden Antworten und Erkenntnissen zu gelangen.

The dissertation was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG, grant number 419349690) and supported by the Pergamon Excavation Project of the Istanbul Department of the German Archaeological Institute (DAI).

 

Writing Greek Law

Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Publication date:
22 September 2009
ISBN:
9780511482779

The use of writing in the development of Greek law was unique. In this comparative study Professor Gagarin shows the reader how Greek law developed and explains why it became so different from the legal systems with which most legal historians are familiar. While other early communities wrote codes of law for academic or propaganda purposes, the Greeks used writing extensively to make their laws available to a relatively large segment of the community. On the other hand, the Greeks made little use of writing in litigation whereas other cultures used it extensively in this area, often putting written documents at the heart of the judicial process. Greek law thereby avoided becoming excessively technical and never saw the development of a specialised legal profession. This book will be of interest to those with an interest in the history of law, as well as ancient historians. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core. 

 
 

Narrative and Identity in the Ancient Greek Novel: Returning Romance

The Greek romance was for the Roman period what epic was for the Archaic period or drama for the Classical: the central literary vehicle for articulating ideas about the relationship between self and community. This book offers a reading of the romance both as a distinctive narrative form (using a range of narrative theories) and as a paradigmatic expression of identity (social, sexual and cultural). At the same time it emphasises the elasticity of romance narrative and its ability to accommodate both conservative and transformative models of identity. This elasticity manifests itself partly in the variation in practice between different romancers, some of whom are traditionally Hellenocentric while others are more challenging. Ultimately, however, it is argued that it reflects a tension in all romance narrative, which characteristically balances centrifugal against centripetal dynamics. This book will interest classicists, historians of the novel and students of narrative theory. This title is also available as open access on Cambridge Core.
 


Plato's Charmides: An Interpretative Commentary


Cambridge University Press
Publication date:
10 February 2022
ISBN:
9781009036610
Creative Commons:
Creative Common License - CC Creative Common License - BY Creative Common License - NC Creative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0.
https://creativecommons.org/creativelicenses
 
 The Charmides is a difficult and enigmatic dialogue traditionally considered one of Plato's Socratic dialogues. This book provides a close text commentary on the dialogue which tracks particular motifs throughout. These notably include the characterization of Critias, Charmides, and Socrates; the historical context and subtext, literary features such as irony and foreshadowing; the philosophical context and especially how the dialogue looks back to more traditional Socratic dialogues and forward to dialogues traditionally placed in Plato's middle and late period; and most importantly the philosophical and logical details of the arguments and their dialectical function. A new translation of the dialogue is included in an appendix. This will be essential reading for all scholars and students of Plato and of ancient philosophy. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
 


 

Saturday, September 26, 2026

Carpe Diem: The Poetics of Presence in Greek and Latin Literature

Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Publication date:
18 November 2022
ISBN:
9781009039789
Creative Commons:
Creative Common License - CC Creative Common License - BY Creative Common License - NC Creative Common License - ND

Carpe diem – 'eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow we die!' – is a prominent motif throughout ancient literature and beyond. This is the first book-length examination of its significance and demonstrates that close analysis can make a key contribution to a question that is central to literary studies in and beyond Classics: how can poetry give us the almost magical impression that something is happening here and now? In attempting an answer, Robert Rohland gives equal attention to Greek and Latin texts, as he offers new interpretations of well-known poems from Horace and tackles understudied epigrams. Pairing close readings of ancient texts along with interpretations of other forms of cultural production such as gems, cups, calendars, monuments, and Roman wine labels, this interdisciplinary study transforms our understanding of the motif of carpe diem. 

 
 
 


 

Private Associations in the Ancient Greek World: Regulations and the Creation of Group Identity

Edited by Vincent Gabrielsen, University of Copenhagen, Mario C. D. Paganini, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien
Publisher:
Cambridge University Press
Publication date:
03 May 2023
ISBN:
9781009281317
Creative Commons:
Creative Common License - CC Creative Common License - BY Creative Common License - NC Creative Common License - ND
 Private associations abounded in the ancient Greek world and beyond, and this volume provides the first large-scale study of the strategies of governance which they employed. Emphasis is placed on the values fostered by the regulations of associations, the complexities of the private-public divide (and that divide's impact on polis institutions) and the dynamics of regional and global networks and group identity. The attested links between rules and religious sanctions also illuminate the relationship between legal history and religion. Moreover, possible links between ancient associations and the early Christian churches will prove particularly valuable for scholars of the New Testament. The book concludes by using the regulations of associations to explore a novel and revealing aspect of the interaction between the Mediterranean world, India and China. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

A localized Alexander: the Myth of Alexander the Great in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Iran

Rezaei, Yasaman
This dissertation examines Luri oral traditions in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, focusing on role in shaping historical memory and identity through narratives of Alexander the Great. Using a comparative and interdisciplinary approach, it traces the evolution of Alexander’s legend across Greek, Byzantine, Syriac, and Persian sources, demonstrating that oral traditions are not passive reflections of history but active historiographical forces that preserve, reinterpret, and resist dominant narratives. By analyzing onomastics (naming practices), toponyms (place names), and gendered representations, the study examines how Luri oral traditions function as sites of cultural resistance, challenging Persian nationalist historiography. It explores how Reżā Šāh’s policies marginalized regional oral traditions, promoting the Šāhnāme while sidelining Niẓāmī’s Iskandarnāme, yet Lur oral performers continued to preserve alternative narratives, maintaining distinct historical perspectives. Through ethnographic fieldwork and an analysis of oral storytelling techniques, the study categorizes Luri oral narratives into Mas̩al (proverbs), Muqawwm (chants), Tims̩āl (literary adaptations and genealogies), Matīl (fables), and Iʿtiqāt (beliefs), demonstrating how these traditions actively shape and transmit historical meaning. The findings underscore the urgency of preserving regional oral traditions, as their erosion threatens to erase alternative historiographies and counter-histories essential to understanding Iran’s diverse historical landscape. This study contributes to oral history, historiography, and cultural memory studies, offering insights into how oral traditions function as mechanisms of historical negotiation, cultural resistance, and identity formation beyond Iran.