Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia
The Coptic civilization is one of the most ancient civilizations still in existence, and has vibrant manifestations in Egypt and around the world. Various aspects of Western civilization have their roots in, or are influenced by Coptic civilization and Egyptian Christianity.
An invaluable reference tool for Coptic Studies is The Coptic Encyclopedia (Aziz S. Atiya, ed. NY: Macmillan, 1991). This monumental work, with approximately 2800 entries written by 215 scholars, covers treasures of Coptic language and literature; Copto-Arabic literature; Coptic art, architecture, archaeology, history, music, liturgy, theology, spirituality, monasticism; and biblical, apocryphal, social, and legal texts. The encyclopedia was the fruit of years of effort on the part of its Editor-in-Chief, Aziz S. Atiya (1898-1988, Distinguished Professor of History at the University of Utah), and its Principal Investigator, Lola Atiya (1917-2002, Doctor of Humane Letters). Donations by the Coptic communities in the Diaspora, a matching grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities from 1979 to 1990, along with numerous other sources, made the project possible.
In 2009 the Claremont Graduate University (CGU) School of Religion acquired the right to develop an updated and continuously expanding and evolving web-based version of The Coptic Encyclopedia. Since then, the Claremont Coptic Encyclopedia (CCE) has been gradually posting the articles of the 1991 Coptic Encyclopedia and will be continuously adding updates and new topics from the growing body of scholarship in Coptic studies at worldwide institutions. Again, the participation of the Coptic community in envisioning and funding this project was instrumental in the project coming to fruition. The partnership of CGU and the Coptic community is one of the missions of the Council for Coptic Studies at the CGU School of Religion. Please visit the Council’s website at http://www.cgu.edu/pages/5446.asp.
The progress of the CCE project depends on the strength and continuity of Coptic studies at CGU, the participation of scholars worldwide, and the availability of financial resources. It is a work in progress; please check back or subscribe to the RSS to see updates.
The CCE digital project student staff members include: Mary Ghattas, Prinny Miller, Sarah Morcos, and Ian Sundwall-Byers – all of CGU.
Browse items in this collection
Index of terms in the Creator field
- Abdelsayed, Gabriel
- Adams, William Y.
- Ahrens, Dieter
- Al-Bayadi, Sophy
- Al-Fiqi, Mustafa
- Al-Rahim, 'Abd
- Al-Tukhi, Rushdi
- Aranda Perez, Gonzalo
- As'ad, Maurice
- Atiya, Aziz Suryal
- Atiya, Aziz Suryal, 1898-1988
- Auth, Susan
- Bahr, Samirah
- Ballet, Pascale
- Barnard, Leslie W.
- Basilios, Archbishop
- Basta, Munir
- Bates, Michael
- Baumeister, Theofried
- Behrens-Abuseif, Doris
- Benazeth, Dominique
- Bestawros, Adel Azer
- Bierbrier, Morris
- Bilaniuk, Petro B. T.
- Blanc, Monique
- Böhlig, Alexander
- Bonneau, Danielle
- Bouillet de Rozières, Marie-Françoise
- Bourguet, S.J., Pierre Du
- Boutros Ghali, Mirrit
- Bown, S. Kent
- Braun, Hans
- Bresciani, Edda
- Brown, S. Kent
- Cameron, Averil
- Castel, G.
- Chiarelli, Leonard
- Cody, Aelred
- Coquin, Charalambia
- Coquin, René-Georges
- Coquin, Renè-Georges
- De Bogdanoff, Pierre
- Den Heijer, Johannes
- Detlef, C.
- Devos, Paul
- Diebner, Bernd J.
- Donadoni, Sergio
- Du Bourguet, Pierre S.J.
- Dunn, Marilyn
- Emmel, Stephen
- Esbroeck, Michel Van
- Evieux, Pierre
- Farag, Youssef
- Ferré, André
- Flamm, Dominique
- Forsyth, George H.
- Fraser, P.M.
- Frederick, Vincent
- Frend, W.H.C.
- Gabra, Gawdat
- Gascou, Jean
- Girgis, Samir F.
- Godlewski, W.
- Godron, Gerard
- Goehring, James E.
- Graffin, François
- Gregorios, Bishop
- Griggs, C. Wilfred
- Grossman, Peter
- Grossmann, Peter
- Guillaumont, Antoine
- Guy, Jean-Claude
- Habib, Samuel
- Hagg, Tomas
- Haile, Getatchew
- Hamed, Ra'uf 'Abbas
- Hanson, R. P. C.
- Hardy, E.R.
- Hedrick, Charles W.
- Heijer, Johannes Den
- Heinen, Heinz
- Hondelink, Hans
- Ishak, Fayek
- Ishaq, Emile Maher
- Jacquet, Jean
- Janssens, Yvonne
- Johnson, S.J., David W.
- Johnstone, Penelope
- Jomier, Jacques
- Karren, Stewart L.
- Kelly, J.F.T.
- Kiss, Zsolt
- Kolta, Kamal Sabri
- Krause, Martin
- Krause, Martin, 1930-
- Kuhn, K.H.
- Labib, Subhi
- Langen, Linda
- Louca, Anouar
- Luttikhuizen, Gerard P.
- Maccoull, L.S.B
- Macomber, William
- Makar, Ragai
- Marcus, Bishop Antonius
- Martin, Maurice
- McNally, Shela
- Megally, Fuad
- Megally, Mounir
- Meinardus, Otto
- Messiha, Hishmat
- Metcalf, William
- Metzger, Bruce M.
- Meyer, Marvin W.
- Moon, Beverly
- Moorsel, Paul Van
- Morard, Françoise
- Morfin-Gourvier, Nicole
- Motski, Harald
- Motski, Herald
- Motzki, Herald
- Müller, C. Detlef G.
- Nasim, Sulayman
- Nauerth, Claudia
- Nigosian, Solomon A.
- Orlandi, Tito
- Ortolan-Blanc, Monique
- Parrott, Douglas M.
- Partyka, Jan Stanislaw
- Payer, Dorothy Shepherd
- Pearson, Birger A.
- Petry, Carl F.
- Pfister, Dominique
- Poethke, Gunter
- Quispel, Gilles
- Rassart-Debergh, Marguerite
- Regnault, Lucien
- Rengstorf, Karl Heinrich
- Ricci, Lanfranco
- Rizq, Yunan Labib
- Roberts, C.H.
- Robertson, Marian
- Robinson, Stephen E.
- Roncaglia, Martiniano P.
- Roquet, G.
- Rosen-Ayalon, Myriam
- Rutschowskaya, Marie-Helene
- Saad, Zaki Yusef
- Sadek, A. I.
- Samir, Khalil
- Scanlon, George T.
- Schoedel, William R.
- Scopello, Madeline
- Segelberg, Eric
- Serapion, Bishop
- Severin, Hans Georg
- Shenouda III, Pope
- Shoucri, Mounir
- Stewart, Randall
- Suryal, Salib
- Tafla, Bairu
- Tedeschi, Salvatore
- Timbie, Janet
- Torjesen, Karen
- Torok, Laszlo
- Turner, John D.
- Van Esbroeck, Michael
- Van Moorsel, Paul
- Van Zeelst O.F.M., Ladislaus
- Veilleux, Armand
- Verbeeck, Bénédicte
- Vycichl, Werner
- Wagner, Guy
- Wassef, Malek
- Weidmann, Denis
- Weir, Hilary
- Williams, Frank E.
- Wilson, R McL.
- Wipszycha, Ewa
- Wissa-Wassef, Cérés
- Wissa, Myriam
- Yusuf, Yusuf Khalil
- Zandee, Jan
Index of terms in the Subject field
- 'Amr ibn al-'As
- Abbasids
- Abbots
- Abgar letters
- Abgar V, King of Edessa, 4 B.C.-50 A.D.
- Absolution
- Addis Ababa (Ethiopia)
- Administration
- Africa
- Agriculture
- Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, 780-855
- Akhmīm (Egypt)
- al-Hakim
- Alexander, the Great, 356-323 B.C.
- Alexandria (Egypt)
- Amalric I, King of Jerusalem, 1135-1174
- Ambrose, Saint, Bishop of Milan, d. 397.
- Amharic language
- Amulets
- Anastasius I, Emperor of the East, ca. 430-518
- Anathema
- Angels
- Animals
- Anonyms and pseudonyms
- Anthony, of Egypt, Saint, ca. 250-355 or 6
- Antichrist
- Antioch (Turkey)
- Antiquitates Judaicae
- Apocalypses
- Apocrypha and pseudepigrapha texts
- Apollinarius, Bishop of Laodicea, d. ca. 390
- Apologetics-Early works to 1800
- Apophthegmata Patrum
- Apostles
- Arab Conquest of Egypt
- Arabic language
- Arabic literature
- Arabs
- Aramaic language
- Archaeology
- Archdeacons
- Architecture
- Archons
- Arianism
- Arians
- Aristides, 2nd cent.
- Arius
- Armenian language
- Armenians
- Art
- Asceticism
- Assumption
- Astrology
- Aswān (Egypt)
- Asyūṭ (Egypt)
- Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Alexandria, d. 373.
- Atheism
- Attila, the Hun, d. 453
- Augustine, Saint, Bishop of Hippo
- Aurelian, Emperor of Rome, ca. 215-275
- Australia
- Authors
- Authorship
- Ayyubid dynasty
- Azhar University
- Babylon (Extinct city)
- Baghdad (Iraq)
- Baptism
- Basil, the Great, saint, Bishop of Caesarea, ca. 329- 379
- Basilides
- Basílides
- Baybars I, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, 1223?-1277
- Bedouins
- Beirut (Lebanon)
- Beja (African people)
- Berbers
- Bible
- Bible. N.T.
- Bible. O.T.
- Bibliography
- Biographies
- Birth customs
- Bishops
- Blessing
- Bollandists
- Book of Dialectic
- Bookbinding
- British
- British Empire
- British Museum
- Bulus Al-Bushi
- Bureaucracy
- Burning bush
- Byzantine Art
- Byzantine Empire
- Caesaropapism
- Cairo (Egypt)
- Cairo Museum
- Calendar
- Caligula, Emperor of Rome, 12-41
- Calligraphy, Arabic
- Canada
- Canons
- Cassian, John, ca. 360-ca. 435
- Catechetical School of Alexandria
- Catechumens
- Celibacy - Christianity
- Celsus, Platonic philosopher, fl.180
- Cemeteries
- Cenobites
- Cerinthus, 1st cent.
- Chalcedonian Church
- Charlemagne, Emperor, 742-814
- Charm
- Chrismation
- Christian converts
- Christianity
- Christology
- Churches
- Circumcision
- Cities and towns
- Civil service
- Clement, of Alexandria, Saint, ca. 150-ca. 215
- Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, d. 30 B.C.
- Clothing
- Codex
- Codicology
- Coinage
- Collectors and collecting
- Confessors
- Confraternities
- Consecration of churches
- Constantine I, Emperor of Rome, d. 337
- Constantinople
- Constantius II, Emperor of Rome, 317-361
- Convents
- Conversion
- Conversion - Christianity
- Coptic Art
- Coptic Art, Copts
- Coptic Church
- Coptic Feasts
- Coptic language
- Coptic language - Akhmimic dialect
- Coptic language - Bohairic dialect
- Coptic language - Fayyumic dialect
- Coptic language - Sahidic dialect
- Coptic language – Sahidic dialect – Texts
- Coptic language--Dialects
- Coptic literature
- Coptic studies
- Coptology
- Copts
- Copyists
- Corpus Hermeticum
- Cosmology
- Council of Chalcedon (451)
- Council of Constantinople (1st: 381)
- Council of Constantinople (2nd: 553)
- Council of Constantinople (3rd: 680-681)
- Council of Constantinople (4th : 869-870)
- Council of Ephesus (431)
- Council of Florence (1438-1445)
- Council of Nicaea (1st: 325)
- Councils and synods
- Crimean War, 1853-1856
- Crusades
- Crusades - 13th-15th centuries
- Crusades--Second, 1147-1149
- Crusades--Third, 1189-1192
- Currency
- Cutlery
- Cyril, of Alexandria, Saint, ca. 370-444
- Cyril, of Jerusalem, Saint, ca. 315-386
- Damietta (Egypt)
- Daniel, of Sketis, Saint, 6th cent
- Dayr al-Suryān
- Dayr Anbā Shinūdah (Sūhāj, Egypt : Province)
- Deacons
- Dead Sea Scrolls
- Death
- Decius, Gaius Messius Quintus Trajanus, Emperor of Rome, 201-251
- Demons
- Demotic writing
- Dhimmis
- Didache
- Didascalia apostolorum
- Didymus, the Blind, ca. 313-ca. 398
- Difnar
- Diocletian, Emperor of Rome, 245-313
- Diodore, of Tarsus, Bishop of Tarsus, d. ca. 392
- Dionysius, of Alexandria, Saint, d. 265.
- Dioscorus, Patriarch of Alexandria, d. 454
- Diplomats
- Disciples of Christ
- Divination
- Divinity of Christ
- Divorce
- Docetism
- Domitian, Emperor of Rome, 51-96
- Donatists
- Dongola (Sudan)
- Doxology
- Drinks
- Dualism (Religion)
- Easter
- Eastern Orthodox Church
- Ebionites
- Economy and society
- Education
- Egypt
- Egyptian Education
- Egyptology
- Elephantine (Egypt)
- Emperors
- Emperors--Byzantine Empire
- Encomiums
- English language
- Ephesus (Extinct city)
- Epiclesis
- Epicureans (Greek philosophy)
- Epiphanius, Saint, Bishop of Constantia in Cyprus, ca. 310-403
- Epiphany
- Eritrea
- Eschatology
- Ethiopia
- Ethiopian Orthodox Church
- Ethiopic language
- Eucharist
- Eunomius, Bishop of Cyzicus, ca. 335-ca. 394
- Europe
- European Art
- Eusebius, of Caesarea, Bishop of Caesarea, ca. 260- ca. 340
- Eutyches, ca. 375- ca. 454
- Eutyches, ca. 375-ca. 454
- Evagrius, Ponticus, 345?-399
- Excommunication
- Exorcism
- Fasting
- Fatimid dynasty
- Fayyūm (Egypt)
- Fictitious characters
- Folklore--Egypt
- Foods
- Forgiveness
- France
- French
- French language
- Generals
- Geography
- Georgian language
- Georgians (South Caucasians)
- German language
- Germans
- Glass
- Glass blowing and working
- Gnostic literature
- Gnosticism
- God, Egyptian
- Goddesses, Egyptian
- Gods, Egyptian
- Gospel & culture
- Gospel of Thomas (Coptic Gospel)
- Government
- Greek language
- Greek Orthodox Church
- Greeks
- Gregory of Nazianzus, Saint
- Gregory, of Nyssa, Saint, ca.335- ca.394
- Hadrian, Emperor of Rome, 76-138
- Hagiography
- Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia, 1892-1975
- Hanbalites
- Healing
- Healthcare
- Heaven
- Hebrew language
- Heliopolis (Egypt : Extinct city)
- Hellenism
- Heraclius, Emperor of the East, ca. 575-641
- Heresy
- Hermes, Trismegistus
- Hermits
- Herodotus
- Hieroglyphics
- Hippolytus, of Rome, Antipope, ca. 170-235 or 6
- Historia ecclesiastica
- Historia monachorum in Aegypto
- Historians
- History
- History of the Patriarchs
- Holidays
- Holy Roman Empire
- Holy Spirit
- Homer. Iliad
- Homilies
- Horsiesios, Saint, d. ca. 380
- Horus (Egyptian deity)
- Hymns
- Hypostatic union
- ʻUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, Caliph, d. 644
- Iconoclasm
- Iconoclasm--Byzantine Empire
- Iconography
- Idolatry
- Ignatius, of Antioch, Saint, d. ca. 110
- Incarnation
- Incense burners and containers
- Inscriptions
- Intercession
- Iran
- Ireland
- Irenaeus, Saint, Bishop of Lyon
- Irenaeus, Saint, Bishop of Lyon. Adversus haereses
- Isis (Egyptian deity)
- Islam
- Islamic Art
- Israel
- Istanbul (Turkey)
- Jericho
- Jerome, Saint, d. 419 or 20
- Jerusalem
- Jesuits
- Jesus Christ
- Jewelry
- Jewish Christians
- Jewish literature
- Jewish-Roman War, 66-73
- Jews
- John Chrysostom, Saint, d. 407
- John Colobos, Saint, ca. 339-409
- John, the Baptist, Saint
- Joseph, Saint
- Josephus, Flavius
- Judaism
- Judgment Day
- Julian, the Apostate, 331-363
- Justin, Martyr, Saint
- Justinian I, Emperor of the East, 483?-565
- Kellia Site (Egypt)
- Kings & queens
- Kitab al-Istidlal
- Kitab al-Tawarikh
- Kyrie eleison
- Latin language
- Laudatory poetry
- Law and society
- Lectionaries
- Leontopolis (Qalyūbīyah, Egypt: Extinct city)
- Leprosy
- Letters
- Libraries
- Libya
- Literacy
- Literature
- Liturgies
- London (England)
- Lord's prayer
- Louvre (Paris, France)
- Luxor (Egypt)
- Macarius, the Egyptian, Saint, 4th cent
- Magi
- Magic
- Magical papyri
- Magicians
- Makouria
- Mamluks
- Mani, 3rd cent
- Manichaeism
- Manuscripts
- Marcion, of Sinope, 2nd cent.
- Marcus Aurelius, Emperor of Rome, 121-180
- Mark, Saint
- Marriage
- Martyrs
- Mary Magdalene, Saint
- Mary, Blessed Virgin, Saint
- Maximian, Emperor of Rome, ca. 240-310
- Meals
- Media & society
- Medicine & culture
- Medieval
- Mediterranean Sea
- Melchite Church
- Melchizedek, King of Salem
- Memphis (Extinct city)
- Menas, Saint, d. ca. 300
- Meroe (Extinct city)
- Meroe (Extinct city)--Civilization
- Meroitic language
- Mesopotamia
- Michael (Archangel)
- Michael I, Patriarch of Alexandria
- Military
- Miracles
- Missionaries
- Mithraism
- Monasteries
- Money
- Monks
- Monks-Titles
- Monophysites
- Monothelitism
- Mosques
- Muhammad
- Muhammad, Ali
- Mummies - Egypt
- Museums
- Music
- Muslim converts from Christianity
- Muslims
- Mysteries, Religious
- Mythology
- Nabataeans
- Nag Hammadi codices
- Nag Hammadi library
- Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 1769-1821
- Nationalism
- Neoplatonism
- Nero, Emperor of Rome, 37-68
- Nestorians
- Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople, fl. 428
- Nicea, Empire of-History
- Nicene Creed
- Nile River
- Non-profit organizations
- Nubia
- Nubian languages
- Nuns
- Nūr al-Dīn, Atabeg of Syria, 1118-1174
- Nursing
- Old Nubian language
- Ophites
- Oriental Orthodox churches
- Origen
- Orthodoxy
- Osiris
- Ottoman Empire
- Pachomian monasticism
- Pachomius, Saint
- Paganism
- Painting
- Palladius, Bishop of Aspuna, d. ca. 430
- Pambo, Saint, 4th cent.
- Papias, Saint, Bishop of Hierapolis, d. ca. 120
- Papyri
- Parchment
- Passover
- Pathology
- Patriarchs and patriarchate
- Paul, of Tarsus, the Apostle, Saint
- Paul, the Hermit, Saint, d. ca. 341
- Pelagianism
- Pelagius
- Penance
- Persecution
- Persian Empire
- Persian language
- Persians
- Pharaohs
- Philip, Saint
- Philo, of Alexandria
- Philology
- Philology--Manuscripts--Catalogs
- Philosophers
- Philosophy
- Physicians
- Pilgrims and pilgrimages
- Platonism
- Plotinus
- Poetry
- Polemics
- Politics
- Polycarp, Saint, Bishop of Smyrna
- Porphyry, ca. 234-ca. 305
- Portraits
- Prayers
- Priests
- Priscillianism
- Propaganda
- Property
- Prophecy
- Prosopography
- Protestantism
- Provinces of the Roman Empire
- Psalms
- Ptolemaic dynasty, 305-30 B.C.
- Pyramids Egypt
- Ramses III, King of Egypt
- Red Sea
- Reincarnation--Christianity
- Relics
- Repentance
- Resurrection
- Rites and ceremonies--Egypt
- Roman Catholic Church
- Roman Empire
- Romans
- Rome (Italy)
- Roosevelt, Theodore, 1858-1919
- Ruins
- Russian language
- Sabbath
- Sabellianism
- Sacraments
- Saint Catherine's Monastary
- Saint George, George
- Saints
- Saladin, Sultan of Egypt and Syria, 1137-1193
- Sarapis (Egyptian deity)
- Sassanids
- Satan
- Sāwīrus ibn al-Muqaffa, Bishop of el-Ashmunein, fl. 955-987
- Scetis
- Schism, Acacian, 484-519
- Scholars
- Schools
- Sculpture
- Sermons
- Set (Egyptian deity)
- Seth (Biblical figure)
- Sethians
- Severus, of Antioch, ca. 465-538
- Sex and religion
- Shenute, ca. 348-466
- Simon Peter, the Apostle, Saint
- Simony
- Sinai, Mount (Egypt)
- Slavery
- Slavonic language
- Society and Church
- Society and Education
- Soldiers
- Sophronius, Saint, Patriarch of Jerusalem, ca. 560-ca. 638
- Sozomen, ca. 400-ca. 450
- Spanish language
- Statesmen
- Stoics
- Stonemasonry
- Stylites
- Sudan
- Suez Canal (Egypt)
- Suicide
- Swiss
- Switzerland
- Synaxarion
- Syria
- Syriac language
- Syrian Orthodox Church
- Syrians
- Taxation
- Temples
- Tertullian, ca. 160- ca. 230
- Testaments
- Textiles
- The White Monastery
- Theban Legion (Legendary saints)
- Theodora, Empress, consort of Justinian I, Emperor of the East, d. 548.
- Theodore, of Mopsuestia, Bishop, ca. 350- 428 or 9
- Theodoret, Bishop of Cyrrhus
- Theodosius I, Emperor of Rome, 347-395
- Theodosius II, Emperor of Rome, 401-450
- Theology
- Theophilus, Patriarch, Archbishop of Alexandria, d. 412
- Thoth (Egyptian deity)
- Timothy Aelurus, Patriarch of Alexandria, d. 477
- Titles of honor and nobility
- Titus, Emperor of Rome, 40-81
- Tombs
- Topography
- Toponymy
- Torture
- Tradition
- Trajan, Emperor of Rome, 53-117
- Translators
- Trinity
- Turkish language
- Turks
- Umayyad dynasty
- Unction
- United States
- Valentinus, 2nd cent
- Valentinus, 2nd cent.
- Valerian, Emperor of Rome
- Valley of the Kings (Egypt)
- Vespasian, Emperor of Rome, 9-79
- Villages--Egypt
- Virginity
- Wādī al-Naṭrūn (Egypt)
- Welfare and Society
- Wine
- Wisdom literature
- Women
- World Council of Churches
- World War I
- World War II
- Zeno, Emperor of the East, ca. 425-491
- Zoroastrians
And see also other collections relating to antiquity in the
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Indeed, wonderful enterprise.
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