Archaeology
Classical Studies
The Archaeology of Amarna
Anna Stevens
This essay assesses the body of archaeological research connected to the New Kingdom settlement site of Amarna (ancient Akhetaten), the short-lived capital of Egypt founded by king ... More
Bronze Age Mongolia
Jean-Luc Houle
This article discusses the Bronze Age in Mongolia, a period when pastoralism, mobility, and interaction between regional communities increased dramatically. It also corresponds to the ... More
Compositional Analysis in Archaeology
Michael D. Glascock
Compositional analysis in archaeology involves the analysis and interpretation of chemical fingerprints obtained from archaeological materials. The primary objective of compositional ... More
Egypt and the Mediterranean in the Bronze Age: The Archaeological Evidence
Bettina Bader
This chapter provides an overview of possible types of cultural contact between Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean and of the available sources, both archaeological and textual, and their ... More
Egyptian Archaeology and Social Anthropology
Richard Bussmann
The article explores anthropological perspectives on pharaonic Egypt (ca. 3300–332 BCE). Central authority absorbed economic resources via local temples but had no interest in penetrating ... More
Egyptian Archaeology and the Museum
Alice Stevenson
The relationship between excavation and museums is often assumed to be linear, with artifacts removed from the field and transferred to a museum. This article, however, envisages a more ... More
Glass Tools in Archaeology: Material and Technological Change
Andrew Martindale and Irena Jurakic
Glass that appears in archaeological contexts outside of the communities of its production and shows use as toolstone for lithic-like industries can be described as remanufactured. Such ... More
The IFAO Excavations at Deir el-Medina
Cédric Gobeil
Through a thorough examination of the archive kept in the Institut français d’archéologie orientale (the French Archaeological Institute in Cairo; hereafter IFAO), this chapter details the ... More
The Neolithic of the Caucasus
Christine Chataigner, Ruben Badalyan, and Makoto Arimura
This article presents our current state of knowledge on the Neolithic of the Caucasus based on reviews of previous and continuing research. In this region, this period has generally been ... More
The Norse in Iceland
Davide Marco Zori
The Norse discovery and settlement of Iceland in the late ninth century AD offers a test case for the study of human impacts on previously unoccupied landscapes and the formation of new ... More
North America
Charles R. Cobb and Randall H. McGuire
This article examines the archaeology of North America. It highlights the variability in North American Native American cultures, ethnic groups, and languages and discusses ... More
The Origins and Early Development of Writing in Egypt
Ilona Regulski
The Egyptian writing system represents one of the oldest recorded languages known to humankind, along with Sumerian. But the system took centuries to adapt to what we now regard as its ... More
Radiocarbon Dating and Egyptian Chronology—From the “Curve of Knowns” to Bayesian Modeling
Felix Höflmayer
Radiocarbon dating has become a standard dating method in archaeology almost all over the world. However, in the field of Egyptology and Near Eastern archaeology, the method is still not ... More
The Social Impact of Trade and Migration: The Western Desert in Pharaonic and Post-Pharaonic Egypt
Anna Lucille Boozer
Egypt’s Western Desert is located on the fringes of Egypt proper. Despite its remote location, the Western Desert inhabitants connected with people in the Nile Valley and more distant ... More
Affect and Emotion in Greek Literature
David Konstan
This article examines the way the ancient Greeks conceived of the emotions. Special attention is paid to the differences between classical Greek and modern English conceptions, in line ... More
Ecphrasis: Visual and Verbal Interactions in Ancient Greek and Latin Literature
Michael Squire
This essay explores the intersections between ancient and modern notions of ecphrasis (defined by Imperial Greek rhetoricians as “a descriptive speech” that “brings the subject shown ... More
Egyptian Law, Saite to Roman Periods
Sandra Lippert
This article treats the development of the Egyptian legal system from the Saite to the Roman period (664 BCE to about 150 CE). It addresses the much-disputed question of whether one can ... More
Globalization, Transnationalism, and the Local in Ancient Greece
Christel Müller
This article examines the idea that Greek poleis were interconnected in different types of networks and that localism and the notion of the local are byproducts of globalism. It considers ... More
Greek Literature in Contemporary Political Theory and Thought
Demetra Kasimis
This article explores the uses of Greek literature, philosophy, and politics in contemporary political theory. It explains that, since the second half of the 20th century, the study and ... More
Latin Didactic, Scientific, and Technical Literature
Courtney Roby
Roman authors developed a rich and creative literature in Latin on a wide range of scientific and technical subjects, intended for a variety of readerships and spanning many different ... More
Money and Prices in the Papyri, Ptolemaic Period
Sitta von Reden
This article examines developments in money and prices in Egypt during the Ptolemaic period based on numismatic and papyrological evidence. It first considers the introduction, spread, and ... More
The Natural World in Greek Literature and Philosophy
Mark Payne
This chapter examines the role of the natural world in ancient Greek literature and philosophy by way of Schiller’s claim, in “On Naïve and Sentimental Poetry,” that there was a ... More
Philology and Greek Literature
Sean Gurd
This essay provides an overview of the recent revival of interest in philology (a discipline in which both textual criticism and interpretation are at home). Although Greek and Latin have ... More
The Places of Roman Isis: Between Egyptomania, Politics, and Religion
Lauren Hackworth Petersen
This article examines ancient Rome’s ties to Egypt via the goddess Isis. More specifically, it considers the political meanings of Isis and her place in Roman religion and ritual. It first ... More
The Predictive Sciences: Measuring and Forecasting Weather Conditions
Daryn Lehoux
This article examines the science and folklore of Greek and Roman methods of weather prediction, dividing techniques into astrometeorological practices (those that looked at the motions of ... More
The Ptolemaic Army
Christelle Fischer-Bovet
This essay discusses the recruitment and payment of soldiers, as well as the ethnic composition, organization, and training of the Ptolemaic army, through the examination of papyri, of ... More
Roman Military Culture
Lindsay Allason-Jones
A significant proportion of the people who lived in Roman Britain were linked to the military either as soldiers, dependants or suppliers. Did the objects these people used in their daily ... More
The Roman Republic
Olli Salomies
The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate the range and distinctive features of Latin republican epigraphy. It focuses on inscriptions from the last century or so of the Republic (c. ... More
Social Relations and Constructions of Social Identity among Roman Non-Elites
Jerry Toner
This article discusses the social relations of the Roman non-elite in two overlapping areas: the modes of behaviour that governed their communication and relations with each other; and the ... More
Taxation in the Achaemenid Empire
Kristin Kleber
The present contribution treats taxation in the Achaemenid, or First Persian, Empire, which lasted from 538 to 330 b.c.e. Its focus lies on information derived from the cuneiform texts ... More
Taxation in the Greco-Roman World: The Roman Principate
Sven Günther
The article deals with the different taxes that were exacted in the Roman Principate. It analyzes not only the different concepts of taxation with a differentiation between tributa, ... More
Technologies of Knowledge: Pharmacology, Botany, and Medical Recipes
Laurence M.V. Totelin
This article presents an overview of the main questions in the history of Greek and Roman pharmacology and botany. It presents the actors in the transmission of pharmacological and ... More
Theorization, Measurement, and Standardization of Calendrical Time
Robert Hannah
This article initially considers the sociology of time in general. It presents a framework of four aspects of time—time frame, timing, temporality, and tempo—derived from the work of ... More
Time, Tense, and Temporality in Ancient Greek Historiography
Jonas Grethlein
One of the most important trends in recent scholarship on ancient historiography is to explore how historical meaning is constructed through the form of narrative. This essay argues that ... More
Travel in the Roman World
Robert L. Cioffi
This article examines Roman travel. It seeks to show how deeply travel was woven into the fabric of the ancient world and how many aspects of the Roman experience relate to it. Rather than ... More
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