For over a thousand years the Byzantine Emperor sat in his palace, ruling over the empire as God’s regent on earth. His was the ultimate authority. The emperor was the font of all law, granter of titles and offices, distributer of largess, master of the Church, commander of the army, head of the bureaucracy, and supreme judge. The decisions of the individual who sat on the throne had repercussions throughout the Byzantine world and far beyond. Decrees, letters, judgments, and commands left Constantinople every day signed by the emperor in red ink and secured with the imperial seal. These seals not only protected and authenticated imperial documents, they also spread the emperor’s image and served as imperial propaganda. It is no accident that while one emperor chose to be depicted as a soldier, another chose to be shown as a civilian. Although Christ accompanies one emperor, another might choose St. Constantine, or the Mother of God, or perhaps simply the cross. Was his title Greek, basileus, or Latin, augustus? Did he want to emphasise his family as an imperial asset or assert his position as autokrator, the sole ruler of God’s empire on earth? The designs of the imperial seals are interesting for more than their artistic value, they provide an insight into the minds and policies of the rulers whose image they bore; they tell us not only how they wished to be viewed by the recipients of their letters, but also how they viewed themselves. Imperial seals, with their titles, images, and projection of divinely sanctioned authority, show the blend of Roman, Hellenistic, and Judaeo-Christian ingredients that went into the Byzantine imperial recipe.
This exhibition presents the imperial lead seals from the Dumbarton Oaks Collection. Sections include: a chronology of the rulers of Byzantium exploring the design and inscriptions of their seals and presenting brief biographies; an analysis of the development of imperial titulature; the iconographic choices made by usurpers; and finally a section on seals that show or reference the imperial family. We hope that after visiting this exhibit you will be inspired to explore the online catalogue of Byzantine seals in the Dumbarton Oaks collection. This project was begun in 2010, and is continually updated as more seals from our collection of 17,000 are catalogued.
Rulers of Byzantium Dynasties of Empire Interlopers and Usurpers Divine Guardians Imperial Titulature
2011
Catapotis M., Y. Bassiakos & Y. Papadatos 2011. Reconstructing Early Cretan Metallurgy: Analytical Evidence from Kephala Petras, Siteia, in P.P.Betancourt & S.Ferrence (eds), Metallurgy: Understanding How, Learning Why, Studies in Honor of James D. Muhly, Prehistory Monographs 29, Philadelpheia, Pensylvania, 69-78. Download:M.Catapotis, Y.Bassiakos & Y.Papadatos 2011.pdf (2.19 MB )
Tsipopoulou, M. & E. M. Alberti, 2011. LM IB Petras: the pottery from Room E in House II.1, in T.M. Brogan & E. Hallager (eds), LM IB pottery relative chronology and regional differences, Acts of a workshop held at the Danish Institute at Athens in collaboration with the INSTAP Study Center for East Crete, 12-29 June 2007, Athens 2011, 463-498; E.S. Banou, An introduction to the LM IB pottery from Poros: a response to Metaxia Tsipopoulou and Maria Emanuela Alberti, 499-506; Discussion, 507-511; General discussion, 629-646; Bibliography, 13-38. Download:M.Tsipopoulou- M.E.Alberti 2011.pdf (2 MB )
2010
Tsipopoulou, M. & E. Hallager, 2010. The Hieroglyphic Archive at Petras, Siteia, Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, Vol. 9, Athens. Download: M.Tsipopoulou-E.Hallager 2010.pdf (59.56 MB)
D'Annibale, C., 2010. The Obsidian, in Tsipopoulou, M. & E. Hallager (eds), The Hieroglyphic Archive at Petras, Siteia, Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, Vol. 9, Athens, 207-219. Download: C.D'Annibale 2010.pdf (20.48 MB)
Mylona, D., 2010. The Bones, in Tsipopoulou, M. & E. Hallager (eds), The Hieroglyphic Archive at Petras, Siteia, Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, Vol. 9, Athens, 221-231. Download: D.Mylona 2010.pdf (14.68 MB)
Τσιποπούλου, Μ., 2010. Προανακτορική Ταφική Βραχοσκεπή στον Πετρά Σητείας-Πρώτη Ανακοίνωση, in Αρχαιολογικό Έργο Κρήτης 1, Πρακτικά της 1ης συνάντησης, Ρέθυμνο, 28-30 Νοεμβρίου 2008, 121-133. Download: Αρχαιολογικό Έργο Κρήτης 1.pdf (4.33 MB)
Triantaphyllou, S., 2010, Report of Human Bone Preliminary Work in 2008, Appendix in Τσιποπούλου 2010, 125-129
2009
Triantaphyllou, S., 2009. EM/MM Human Skeletical Remains From East Crete: The Kephala Petras Rock Shelter, Siteia, And the Livari Tholos Tomb, Skiadi, in KENTRO, The Newsletter of the INSTAP Study Center for East Crete, vol.12, (Fall 2009), 19-23. Download: S.Triantaphyllou 2009 .pdf (1.65 MB)
2008
D' Annibale, C., 2008. Obsidian in transition: the technological reorganization of the obsidian industry from Petras Kephala (Siteia) between Final Neolithic IV and Early Minoan I, in Isaakidou, V. & P. D. Tomkins (eds), Escaping the Labyrinth: The Cretan Neolithic in Context, Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 8, Oxford,191-200. Download: C.D'Annibale 2008.pdf (816.29 KB)
Papadatos, Y., 2008. The Neolithic-Early Bronze Age Transition in Crete: New Evidence from the Settlement at Petras Kephala, Siteia, in Isaakidou, V. & P. D. Tomkins (eds), Escaping the Labyrinth: The Cretan Neolithic in Context, Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology 8, Oxford, 261-275. Download: Y.Papadatos 2008 .pdf (4.99 MB)
Τσιποπούλου, Μ. & Κ. Ζερβάκη, 2008. Ανάδειξη Αρχαιολογικού Χώρου Πετρά Σητείας, Μινωική Πόλη και Ανάκτορο, in Μπούνια, Α., Ν. Νικονάνου, & Μ. Οικονόμου (eds), Η Τεχνολογία στην Υπηρεσία της Πολιτιστικής Κληρονομιάς: Διαχείριση, Εκπαίδευση, Επικοινωνία, Αθήνα, 567-577. Download: Τσιποπούλου-Κ.Ζερβάκη 2008.pdf (7.65 MB)
2007
Haggis, D., 2007. Stylistic Diversity and Diacritical Feasting at Protopalatial Petras: A Preliminary Analysis of the Lakkos Deposit, AJA 111, No. 4, 715-775. Download: D.C.Haggis 2007.pdf (2.1 MB)
Nodarou, E., 2007. Exploring Patterns of Intra Regional Pottery Distribution in Late Minoan IIIA-B East Crete: The Evidence from the Petrographic Anlaysis of the Three Ceramic Assemblages, in Waksman, S. Y. (ed.), Archaeometric and Archaeological Approaches to Ceramics, BAR International Series 1961, Oxford, 75-83. Download: E.Nodarou 2007.pdf (6.31 MB)
Papadatos, Y., 2007. The Beginning of Metallurgy in Crete: New Evidence from the FN-EM I Settlement at Kephala Petras, Siteia, in Day, P.M. & R.C.P. Doonan (eds), Metallurgy in the Early Bronze Age Aegean, Sheffield Studies in Aegean Archaeology, 154-167. Download: Y.Papadatos 2007.pdf (13.32 MB)
Τsipopoulou, Μ., 2007. The Central Court of the Palace of Petras, in Betancourt, P. P., M.C. Nelson & H. Williams (eds), Krinoi kai Limenes, Studies in Honor of Joseph and Maria Shaw, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 49-59. Download: M.Tsipopoulou 2007.pdf (6.87 MB)
2006
Burke, B., 2006. Textile Production at Petras: The Evidence from House II, Πεπραγμένα του Θ΄ Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου, Ελούντα 2001, Α1, Ηράκλειο, 279-295. Download: B.Burke 2006.pdf (12.81 MB)
D'Annibale, C., 2006. Production and Consumption of Obsidian in the Siteia Bay Area: Final Neolithic through Late Minoan, Πεπραγμένα του Θ΄ Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου, Ελούντα 2001, Α1, Ηράκλειο, 333-345. Download: C.D'Annibale 2006.pdf (9.52 MB)
Rupp, D. W., 2006. Political Power Posturing at Petras, Siteia? A New MM IA/B Conoid Stamp Seal from Sector III, Πεπραγμένα του Θ’ Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου, Ελούντα 2001, Α1, Ηράκλειο, 263-277. Download: D.W.Rupp 2006.pdf (16.28 MB)
Τsipopoulou, Μ., 2006. Counting Sherds at Neopalatial Petras, Siteia, East Crete: Integrating Ceramic Analysis with Architectural Data, in Papaconstantinou, D. (ed.), Deconstructing Context: A Critical Approach to Archaeological Practice, Oxford, 138-158. Download: M.Tsipopoulou 2006.pdf (19.57 MB)
Τσιποπούλου, Μ. & H. Dierckx, 2006. Υστερομινωικό ΙΑ Σπίτι Ι.1 στον Πετρά Σητείας: Δομή, Λειτουργία και Κατανομή των Ευρημάτων, Πεπραγμένα του Θ’ Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου, Ελούντα, 2001, Α1, Ηράκλειο, 297-315. Download: M.Tsipopoulou & H.Dierckx 2006.pdf (14.76 MB)
Χρυσικοπούλου, Ε., 2006. Τεχνολογικές παρατηρήσεις στα κονιάματα του Πετρά Σητείας: Η ποικιλία που ξαφνιάζει, Πεπραγμένα του Θ’ Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου, Ελούντα 2001, Α1, Ηράκλειο, 317-331. Download: Χρυσικοπούλου 2006.pdf (10.72 MB)
2005
Μαυρουδή, Ν., 2005. Η Νεοανακτορική Οικία ΙΙ Πετρά Σητείας, μελέτη για την απόκτηση Μεταπτυχιακού Διπλώματος, Πανεπιστήμιο Κρήτης (unpublished).
2003
Πούλου - Παπαδημητρίου, Ν., 2003. Μεσοβυζαντινή κεραμική από την Κρήτη, 9ος -12ος αιώνας, 7ο Διεθνές Συνέδριο Μεσαιωνικής Κεραμικής της Μεσογείου, Θεσσαλονίκη 1999, Αθήνα, 211-226. Download: Πούλου-Παπαδημητρίου 2003.pdf (23.19 MB)
Τσιποπούλου, Μ., 2003. Ελαιόλαδο στη Nεοανακτορική Σητεία. Συγκέντρωση, Αποθήκευση και Ανακατανομή στο Πλαίσιο της Ανακτορικής Οικονομίας του Πετρά, in «Ελιά και Λάδι στην Κρήτη», Πρακτικά Διεθνούς Συμποσίου, Σητεία 23-25 Μαΐου 2002, 56-76. Download: M.Τσιποπούλου 2003.pdf (29.16 MB)
2002
Τsipopoulou, Μ., 2002. Petras, Siteia: The Palace, the Town, the Hinterland and the Protopalatial Background, in Driessen, J., I. Schoep & R. Laffineur (eds), Monuments of Minos, Rethinking the Minoan Palaces, Proceedings of the International Workshop “Crete of the Hundred Palaces?” held at the Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, 14-15 December 2001, Aegaeum 23, 133-144. Download: M.Tsipopoulou 2002.pdf (7.93 MB)
Tsipopoulou, M. & M. Wedde, 2002. Sitia,Archäologisches Museum,Sitia – Petras, in Corpus der Minoischen und Mykenischen Siegel, V, Supplementum 3,2, 513, 518.
2001Τσιποπούλου, Μ., 2001. Πετράς Σητείας, ΑΔ 51 (1996), Β’2, Χρονικά, 649-651. Download: Τσιποπούλου 2001.pdf (4.36 MB)
2000
Τσιποπούλου, Μ. & M. Wedde, 2000. Διαβάζοντας ένα χωμάτινο παλίμψηστο: Στρωματογραφικές τομές στο ανακτορικό κτίριο του Πετρά Σητείας, Πεπραγμένα του H’ Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου, Ηράκλειο 1996, Α3, Ηράκλειο, 359-377. Download: M.tsipopoulou-M.Wedde 2000.pdf (24.03 MB)
1999
Παπατσαρούχα, E., 1999. Πετράς Σητείας: Η Ανακτορική Πόλη της Μινωικής Εποχής, Corpus, τεύχος 9, Οκτώβριος, 10-13. Download: Παπατσαρούχα Corpus 1999.pdf (30.61 MB)
Tsipopoulou, Μ., 1999a. Before, During, After: Architectural Phases of the Palatial Building at Petras, Siteia, in Betancourt, P.P., V. Karageorghis, R. Laffineur & W.-D. Niemeier (eds), MELETHMATA, Studies in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Malcolm H. Wiener as He Enters His 65th Year, Aegaeum 20, Vol. III, 847-859. Download: M.Tsipopoulou1999.pdf (16.19 MB)
Τsipopoulou, Μ., 1999b. From Local Centre to Palace: The Role of Fortification in the Economic Transformation of the Siteia Bay Area, East Crete, in Laffineur, R. (ed.), POLEMOS: Le contexte guerrier en Égée à l'âge du Bronze. Actes de la 7e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Université de Liège, 14-17 avril 1998, Aegaeum 11, 179-190. Download: M.Tsipopoulou 1999a.pdf (26.26 MB)
1998
Τsipopoulou, Μ., 1998. The Hieroglyphic Archive at Petras, Siteia, in Rougemont, F. & J.-P. Olivier (eds), Recherches Récentes en Épigraphie Créto-Mycénienne, Semaine d’Epigraphie Creto-Mycénienne, Organisée par l’Ecole Française d’Archéologie, Athènes Mars, BCH 122.2, 436-440. Download: Tsipopoulou 1998.pdf (6.91 MB)
1997
Tsipopoulou, Μ., 1997a. Late Minoan III Reoccupation in the Area of the Palatial Building at Petras, Siteia, in Hallager, E. & B. P. Hallager (eds), Late Minoan III Pottery Chronology and Terminology: Acts of a Meeting Held at the Danish Institute at Athens, August 12-14, 1994, Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, Vol. 1, Athens, 209-257. Download: M.Tsipopoulou 1997.pdf (32.89 MB)
Tsipopoulou, Μ., 1997b. Palace-Centered Polities in Eastern Crete: Neopalatial Petras and Its Neighbors, in Aufrecht, W. E., N.A. Mirau & S.W. Gauley (eds), Urbanism in Antiquity: From Mesopotamia to Crete, Journal for the Study of the Old Testament Supplement Series 244, Sheffield, 263-277. Download: M.Tsipopoulou 1997a.pdf (13.78 MB)
Tsipopoulou, M. & A. Papacostopoulou, 1997. “Villas” and Villages in the Hinterland of Petras, Siteia, in Hägg, R. (ed.), The Function of the “Minoan Villa”, Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium at the Swedish Archaeological Institute at Athens, June 1992, Stockholm, 203-214. Download: Tsipopoulou-Papakostopoulou1997.pdf (14.65 MB)
Tsipopoulou, M. & L. Vagnetti, 1997. Workshop Attributions for some Late Minoan III East Cretan Larnakes, in Laffineur, R., & P.P. Betancourt (eds), ΤΕΧΝΗ: Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age, Proceedings of the 6th International Aegean Conference, Philadelphia, Temple University, 18-21 April 1996, Aegaeum 16, 473-479. Download: M.Tsipopoulou -L.Vagnetti 1997.pdf (5.49 MB)
1996
Tsipopoulou, M. & E. Hallager, 1996a. Inscriptions with Hieroglyphs and Linear A from Petras, Siteia, in Studi Micenei Ed Egeo-Anatolici, Fascicolo XXXVII, Roma, 7-46. Download: M.Tsipopoulou-E.Hallager1996.pdf (36.98 MB)
Tsipopoulou, M. & E. Hallager, 1996b. A New Hieroglyphic Archive at Petras, Siteia, KADMOS XXXV, 164-167. Download: Tsipopoulou-Hallager 1996a.pdf (2.76 MB)
1995
Day, P., 1995. Pottery Production and Consumption in the Sitia Bay Area During the New Palace period, in Tsipopoulou, M. & L. Vagnetti (eds), Achladia: Scavi e Ricerche della Missione Greco-Italiana in Creta Orientale (1991-1993), Incunabula Graeca 97, Roma, 149-175. Download: P.Day 1995.pdf (40.08 MB)
Τσιποπούλου, Μ., 1995. Κεραμεικά σημεία από την ανασκαφή Πετρά Σητείας (1989-1995), Πεπραγμένα του Z’ Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου, Α2, Ρέθυμνο, 931-971. Download: M.Tsipopoulou1995.pdf (33.44 MB)
Tsipopoulou, M. & L. Vagnetti, 1995a. Exploration at Achladia and its Relation to Research on Minoan Occupation in the Area of the Sitia Bay, in Tsipopoulou ,M. & L. Vagnetti (eds), Achladia: Scavi e Ricerche della Missione Greco-Italiana in Creta Orientale (1991-1993), Incunabula Graeca 97, Roma, 11-14. Download: M.Tsipopoulou L.Vagnetti 1995.pdf (12.23 MB)
Tsipopoulou, M. & L. Vagnetti, 1995b. Ipotesi su un’officina per la produzione di larnakes nella regione di Sitia, in Tsipopoulou ,M. & L. Vagnetti (eds), Achladia: Scavi e Ricerche della Missione Greco-Italiana in Creta Orientale (1991-1993), Incunabula Graeca 97, Roma, 131-145. Download: M.Tsipopoulou L.Vagnetti 1995a.pdf (31.29 MB)
Tsipopoulou, M. & L. Vagnetti, 1995c. Ελληνική Περίληψη, English Summary, in Tsipopoulou ,M. & L. Vagnetti (eds), Achladia: Scavi e ricerche della Missione Greco-Italiana in Creta Orientale (1991-1993), Incunabula Graeca 97, Roma, 199-205. Download: M.Tsipopoulou L.Vagnetti 1995b.pdf (13.72 MB)
Wedde, M., 1995a. Άνθρωποι διαχρονικά: «Ημέρα γνωριμίας» στο Μινωικό ανάκτορο του Πετρά Σητείας, Αρχαιολογία και Τέχνες, vol. 55, Ιούνιος, 70-75. Download: M.Wedde 1995.pdf (1.05 MB)
Wedde, M., 1995b. Ο Κόλπος της Σητείας: Ιστορία όσο πιάνει το μάτι, Περιοδικό Εν Σητεία, vol. 13, Δεκέμβριος, 34-38. Download: M.Wedde 1995a.pdf (8.8 MB)
1994
Wedde, M., 1994. Άνθρωποι διαχρονικά: «Ημέρα γνωριμίας» στο Ανάκτορο Πετρά Περιοδικό Εν Σητεία, vol. 10, Μάιος, 29-31. Download: M.Wedde 1994.pdf (4.48 MB)
1993
Tsipopoulou, Μ., 1993. Sitia, in Corpus der Minoischen und Mykenischen Siegel, V, 1, Berlin, 315, 317, 318. Download: M.Tsipopoulou 1993.pdf (1.62 MB)
1991
Τσιποπούλου, Μ., 1991a. Τεκτονικό σημείο από τον Πετρά Σητείας, Α.Α.Α. ΧΙΧ (1986), 171-177. Download: Τσιποπούλου 1991.pdf (4.48 MB)
Τσιποπούλου, Μ., 1991b. Έρευνα στον Πετρά και τον κόλπο της Σητείας, Α.Α.Α. ΧΧ (1987), 11-30. Download: M. Τσιποπούλου 1991β.pdf (10.4 MB)
Τσιποπούλου, Μ., 1991c. Έρευνα στον Πετρά και τον κόλπο της Σητείας (1988), ΑΔ 41 (1986), Α΄, Μελέτες, 340-400. Download: Τσιποπούλου 1991γ.pdf (97.63 MB)
Τσιποπούλου, Μ., 1991d. Μινωική άγκυρα από τον Πετρά Σητείας, Α.Ε. 128, 121-128. Download: Τσιποπούλου 1991δ.pdf (9.86 MB)
1990
Τsipopoulou, Μ., 1990a. ‘Potters’s Marks’ from Petras, Siteia, KADMOS, XXIX, 92-106. Download: Tsipopoulou 1990a.pdf (4.55 MB)
Tsipopoulou, M., 1990b. Recenti Scoperte di Epoca Minoica nel Golfo di Sitia, Seminari, Roma 1991, 105-137. Download: Tsipopoulou 1991b.pdf (172.39 MB)
Τσιποπούλου, Μ., 1990. Νέα στοιχεία για τη μινωική κατοίκηση στην περιοχή του κόλπου της Σητείας, Πεπραγμένα του ΣΤ’ Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου, Α2, Χανιά, 305-321. Download: Τσιποπούλου1990.pdf (23.18 MB)
1987
Παπαδάκης, Ν., 1987. Πετράς Σητείας, ΑΔ 34 (1979), Β΄2, Χρονικά, 409-410. Download: N.Papadakis 1987.pdf (2.5 MB)
1985
Τσιποπούλου, Μ., 1985. Σητεία: Προϊστορία-Αρχαιότητα. Φωτογραφική-εκπαιδευτική έκθεση, οργάνωση Δήμος Σητείας, 17-31 Αυγούστου, Δημοτικός Κήπος.
1921
Ξανθουδίδης, Στ., 1921. Ι΄Αρχαιολογική Περιφέρεια, Μιραμπέλλον, Ιεράπετρος, Σητεία, Πετράς, ΑΔ 4 (1918), Παράρτημα, 23. Download: 1921.pdf (911.58 KB)
1901-1902
Bosanquet, R.C., 1901-1902. Excavations at Petras, B.S.A. VIII, 282-285. Download: R.C.Bosanquet 1901-1902.pdf (184.14 KB)