CLIR and Tufts University are engaging scholars and academic librarians in examining the services and digital objects classicists have developed, the future needs of the discipline, and the roles of libraries and other curatorial institutions in fostering the infrastructure on which the core intellectual activities of classics and many other disciplines depend. We envision a set of shared services layered over a distributed storage architecture that is seamless to end users, allows multiple contributors, and leverages institutional resources and facilities. Much of this architecture exists at individual projects and institutions; the challenge is to identify the suite of shared services to be developed.
Prior research supported by public and private agencies has created digital resources in classics, which are arguably the most developed and interconnected set of collections and associated services in any discipline outside of the sciences. Questions now posed test the limits of project-based services. The findings of the Blue Ribbon Task Force on Sustainable Digital Preservation and Access, the Library of Congress National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program (NDIIPP), and two symposia hosted by CLIR (the second with co-sponsorship by NEH) demonstrate that managing digital information requires libraries to play an active role in the research process to ensure appropriate curation and preservation of digital resources. This project will help library professionals understand the challenges of supporting new kinds of publications (e.g., treebanks, or syntactic databases for texts) and services (e.g., named entity identification services optimized for domains such as classical studies) and engage them in designing solutions. The project will also be relevant to areas such as medieval studies, archaeology, and ancient and near eastern languages.
CLIR is seeking public comment on a literature review that identifies existing services, resources, and needs in the field of classics. The report, Rome Wasn't Digitized in a Day: Building a Cyberinfrastructure for Digital Classicists, was produced by Alison Babeu of the Perseus Project at Tufts University. It is intended to inform planning for the next phase of work: description of an infrastructure to support digital classics and related fields of research. (The report is a 1.8 MB .pdf file, please allow time for it to download).
Comments on the draft report should be submitted to Kathlin Smith (ksmithatclirdotorg) by December 1, 2010. We especially encourage the identification of topics or projects that are missing in the report, or that might be represented more fully.
Table of Contents
Introduction............................................................................................................................................................ 5
Classics and Computers: A Long History.............................................................................................................. 5
Multidisciplinary Classical Digital Libraries: Advanced Technologies and Services .......................................... 10
Bibliographies/Catalogs/Directories............................................................................................................. 11
Document Analysis, Recognition and OCR for Historical Languages ........................................................ 14
Ancient Greek ......................................................................................................................................... 14
Latin ........................................................................................................................................................ 17
Sanskrit.................................................................................................................................................... 20
Syriac ...................................................................................................................................................... 23
Cuneiform Texts and Sumerian ............................................................................................................... 23
Computational Linguistics (Treebanks, Automatic Morphological Analysis, Lexicons) ............................ 27
Treebanks ................................................................................................................................................ 28
Morphological Analysis.......................................................................................................................... 29
Lexicons.................................................................................................................................................. 31
Canonical Text Services, Citation Detection, Citation Linking ................................................................... 33
Text Mining, Quotation Detection and Authorship Attribution................................................................... 37
The Disciplines and Technologies of Digital Classics.......................................................................................... 38
Ancient History................................................................................................................................................ 38
Classical Archaeology ..................................................................................................................................... 40
Overview ..................................................................................................................................................... 40
Electronic Publishing and Traditional Publishing........................................................................................ 40
Data Creation, Data Sharing, Data Preservation .......................................................................................... 42
Digital Repositories, Data Integration & Cyberinfrastructure for Archaeology .......................................... 44
Designing Digital Infrastructures for the Research Methods of Archaeology ............................................. 47
Visualization & 3D Reconstructions of Archaeological Sites...................................................................... 51
Classical Art & Architecture............................................................................................................................ 55
Classical Geography ........................................................................................................................................ 56
The Ancient World Mapping Center............................................................................................................ 57
The Pleiades Project .................................................................................................................................... 57
The HESTIA Project ................................................................................................................................... 59
Digital Editions & Text Editing........................................................................................................................ 61
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 61
Theoretical Issues of Modeling and Markup for Digital Editions................................................................ 62
New Models of Collaboration, Tools & Frameworks for Digital Editions .................................................. 67
The Challenges of Text Alignment & Text Variants ................................................................................... 70
Epigraphy......................................................................................................................................................... 73
Overview: Epigraphy Databases, Digital Epigraphy and EpiDoc............................................................... 73
Online Epigraphy Databases ........................................................................................................................ 77
EpiDoc-Based Digital Epigraphy Projects ................................................................................................... 81
The Challenges of Linking Digital Epigraphy and Digital Classics Projects............................................... 85
Advanced Imaging Technologies for Epigraphy.......................................................................................... 88
Manuscript Studies .......................................................................................................................................... 89
Digital Libraries of Manuscripts .................................................................................................................. 90
Digital Challenges of Individual Manuscripts and Manuscript Collections................................................. 94
Digital Manuscripts, Infrastructure and Automatic Linking Technologies.................................................. 98
Numismatics .................................................................................................................................................. 101
Numismatics Databases............................................................................................................................. 101
Numismatic Data Integration and Digital Publication................................................................................ 104
Palaeography.................................................................................................................................................. 107
Papyrology..................................................................................................................................................... 109
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Digital Papyri Projects............................................................................................................................... 109
Integrating Digital Collections of Papyri and Digital Infrastructure .......................................................... 113
EpiDoc, Digital Papyrology and Reusing Digital Resources ..................................................................... 116
Collaborative Workspaces, Image Analysis and Reading Support Systems.............................................. 117
Philology........................................................................................................................................................ 122
Tools for Electronic Philology: BAMBI and Aristarchus .......................................................................... 123
Infrastructure for Digital Philology: the Teuchos project.......................................................................... 124
Prosopography ............................................................................................................................................... 127
Issues in the Creation of Prosopographical Databases ............................................................................... 128
Network Analysis & Digital Prosopography.............................................................................................. 129
Relational Databases and Modeling Prosopography.................................................................................. 131
Other Prosopographical Databases............................................................................................................. 134
The Use and Users of Resources in Digital Classics and the Digital Humanities .............................................. 136
Citation of Digital Classics Resources............................................................................................................ 137
The Research Habits of Digital Humanists..................................................................................................... 138
Humanist Use of Source Materials: Digital Library Design Implications..................................................... 141
Creators of Digital Humanities Resources: Factors for Successful Use........................................................ 144
“Traditional” Academic Use of Digital Humanities Resources...................................................................... 146
The CSHE Study ....................................................................................................................................... 146
The LAIRAH Project ................................................................................................................................ 147
The RePAH project ................................................................................................................................... 149
The TIDSR Study...................................................................................................................................... 151
Overview of Digital Classics Cyberinfrastructure .............................................................................................. 152
Requirements of Cyberinfrastructure for Classics.......................................................................................... 152
Open Access Repositories of Secondary Scholarship ................................................................................ 153
Open Access, Collaboration, Reuse and Digital Classics........................................................................... 153
Undergraduate Research, Teaching and E-Learning.................................................................................. 158
Looking Backward: State of Digital Classics in 2005............................................................................... 164
Looking Forward: Classics Cyberinfrastructure, Themes and Requirements in 2010............................... 165
Classics Cyberinfrastructure Projects ............................................................................................................. 169
APIS—Advanced Papyrological Information System ............................................................................... 169
CLAROS—Classical Art Research Center Online Services...................................................................... 169
Concordia .................................................................................................................................................. 169
Digital Antiquity........................................................................................................................................ 170
Digital Classicist........................................................................................................................................ 170
eAQUA...................................................................................................................................................... 170
eSAD—e-Science and Ancient Documents ............................................................................................... 170
Integrating Digital Papyrology & Papyri.info ............................................................................................ 171
Interedition: an “Interoperable Supranational Infrastructure for Digital Editions”................................... 171
LaQuAT—Linking and Querying of Ancient Texts .................................................................................. 172
Building A Humanities Cyberinfrastructure ....................................................................................................... 172
Defining Digital Humanities, Cyberinfrastructure and the Future ............................................................. 172
Open Content, Services and Tools as Infrastructure .................................................................................. 173
New Evaluation and Incentive Models for Digital Scholarship & Publishing........................................... 178
Challenges of Humanities Data & Digital Infrastructure ........................................................................... 180
“General” Humanities Infrastructures, Domain-Specific Needs, and the Research Needs of Humanists . 181
VREs in the Humanities: A Way of Addressing Domain Specific Needs?............................................... 185
New Models of Scholarly Collaboration.................................................................................................... 188
Sustainable Preservation and Curation Infrastructures for Digital Humanities.......................................... 189
Levels of Interoperability and Infrastructure.............................................................................................. 195
The Future of Digital Humanities and Digital Scholarship........................................................................ 200
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Overview of Large Cyberinfrastructure Projects............................................................................................ 201
Alliance of Digital Humanities Organizations (ADHO) ............................................................................ 201
arts-humanities.net..................................................................................................................................... 202
centerNET ................................................................................................................................................. 202
CLARIN .................................................................................................................................................... 203
DARIAH Project ....................................................................................................................................... 204
Digital Humanities Observatory................................................................................................................. 206
DRIVER.................................................................................................................................................... 207
NoC-Network of Expert Centres ................................................................................................................ 207
Project Bamboo ......................................................................................................................................... 207
SEASR....................................................................................................................................................... 208
TextGrid .................................................................................................................................................... 209
TextVRE.................................................................................................................................................... 211
References.......................................................................................................................................................... 211
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