GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEWTESTAMENT IN THE LIGHT OFHISTORICAL RESEARCH

GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEWTESTAMENT IN THE LIGHT OFHISTORICAL RESEARCH
BY
A. T. ROBERTSON, M.A., D.D., LL.D., LITT.D.

THIRD EDITION HODDER & STOUGHTON LONDON: MCMXIX

Professor of Interpretation of the New Testament in the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary Louisville, Ky.
Digitized by Ted Hildebrandt at Gordon College, Wenham, MA March 2006

FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE PREFACE vii PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION xv
PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION xvii LIST OF WORKS MOST OFTEN REFERRED TO lxiii ADDITIONAL BIBLIOGRAPHY TO THIRD EDITION lxxv
PART I — INTRODUCTION 1-139
CHAPTER I. New Material 3-30 The Ideal Grammar? 3
I. The Pre-Winer Period 3
II. The Service of Winer 4 (a) Winer's Inconsistencies 4 (b) Winer Epoch-Making 4 (c) Schmiedel 4 (d) Buttmann 5 (e) Blass 5
III. The Modern Period 5 (a) Deissmann 5 (b) Thumb 6 (c) Moulton 6 (d) Other Contributions 6 (c) Richness of Material 7
IV. The New Grammatical Equipment 8 (a) Comparative Philology 8 1. The Linguistic Revolution 8 2. A Sketch of Greek Grammatical History 8
3. The Discovery of Sanskrit 10
4. From Bopp to Brugmann 10 (b) Advance in General Greek Grammar 12 (c) Critical Editions of Greek Authors 13 (d) Works on Individual Writers 13 (e) The Greek Inscriptions 14 (f) Fuller Knowledge of the Dialects 16 (g) The Papyri and Ostraca 17 (h) The Byzantine and the Modern Greek 21
xxi

xxii A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT
PAGE (i) The Hebrew and Aramaic 24
1. The Old View 24
2. A Change with Kennedy 25
3. Deissmann's Revolt 25
4. The Language of Jesus 26
(j) Grammatical Commentaries 29
V. The New Point of View 30
CHAPTER II. The Historical Method 31-48 I. Language as History 31 (a) Combining the Various Elements 31 (b) Practical Grammar a Compromise 32
II. Language as a Living Organism 33 (a) The Origin of Language 33 (b) Evolution in Language 34 (c) Change Chiefly in the Vernacular 34 III. Greek Not an Isolated Language 36 (a) The Importance of Comparative Grammar 36 (b) The Common Bond in Language 37 (c) The Original Indo-Germanic Speech 38
(d) Greek as a "Dialect" of the Indo-Germanic Speech 39 IV. Looking at the Greek Language as a Whole 40 (a) Descriptive Historical Grammar 41 (b) Unity of the Greek Language 41 (c) Periods of the Greek Language 43 (d) Modern Greek in Particular 44 V. The Greek Point of View 46
CHAPTER III. The Koinh<
I. The Term Koinh< 49 II. The Origin of the Koinh< 51
(a) Triumph of the Attic 51 (b) Fate of the Other Dialects 52 (c) Partial Koines 53 (d) Effects of Alexander's Campaigns 53 (e) The March toward Universalism 54
III. The Spread of the Koinh< 54 (a) A World-Speech 54 (b) Vernacular and Literary 56
1. Vernacular 56
2. Literary 57 (c) The Atticistic Reaction 58

49-75
FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS

xxiii

IV. The Characteristics of the Vernacular Koinh< (a) Vernacular Attic the Base
(b) The Other Dialects in the Koinh<
(c) Non-Dialectical Changes

PAGE 60
60
62

64 (d) New Words, New Forms, or New Meanings to Old Words 65
(e) Provincial Influences (f) The Personal Equation (g) Résumé
Phonetics and Orthography V ocabulary Word-Formation Accidence
Syntax
V. The Adaptability of the Koinh< to the Roman World
66
69
71
71
72
72
72
73
74
CHAPTER IV. The Place of the New Testament in the Koinh< 76-139 I. The New Testament Chiefly in the Vernacular Koinh< 76 (a) Not a Biblical Greek 76 (b) Proof that N. T. Greek is in the Vernacular Koinh< 79 Lexical 80 Grammatical 82 II. Literary Elements in the New Testament Greek 83 III. The Semitic Influence 88 (a) The Tradition 88 (b) The View of Deissmann and Moulton 89 (c) Little Direct Hebrew Influence 94 (d) A Deeper Impress by the Septuagint 96
(e) Aramaisms 102
(f) Varying Results 106 IV. Latinisms and Other Foreign Words 108 V. The Christian Addition 112 VI. Individual Peculiarities 116
(a) Mark 118 (b) Matthew 119 (c) Luke 120 (d) James 123 (e) Jude 124 (f) Peter 125 (g) Paul 127 (h) Writer of Hebrews 132 (i) John 133
VII. N. T. Greek Illustrated by the Modern Greek Vernacular 137
xxiv A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT PART II— ACCIDENCE

PAGE 141-376

CHAPTER V. Word-Formation
I. Etymology 143 II. Roots 144 III. Words, with Formative Suffixes 146
(a) Verbs 146 1. Primary or Primitive Verbs 146 2. Secondary or Derivative V erbs 147
(b) Substantives
1. Primary or Primitive Substantives 150 2. Secondary or Derivative Substantives 151
(a) Those from verbs 151 (b) Those from substantives 154 (g) Those from adjectives 156
(c) Adjectives 157 1. Primary or Primitive Adjectives 157 2. Secondary or Derivative Adjectives 158
(a) Those from verbs 158 (b) Those from substantives 158 (g) Those from adjectives 159 (d) Those from adverbs 160
(d) The Adverb 160 IV. Words Formed by Composition (Composita) 160 (a) Kinds of Compound Words in Greek 161 (b) Inseparable Prefixes 161 (c) Agglutinative Compounds (Juxtaposition or Parathesis) 163
1. Verbs
2. Substantives 3. Adjectives 4. Adverbs
163
165
168
169
Hypocoristic 171 173 174

V . Personal Names Abbreviated or
VI. The History of Words
VII. The Kinship of Greek Words
VIII. Contrasts in Greek Words or Synonyms 175

CHAPTER VI. Orthography and Phonetics
I. The Uncertainty of the Evidence 177
(a) The Ancient Literary Spelling 177 (b) The Dialect-Coloured Vernacular 178 (c) The Uncials 179 (d) The Papyri 181

143-176

150

177-245
FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS xxv PAGE
II. Vowel-Changes 181 (a) The Changes (Interchanges) with a 182
a and e 183 e and a 184 a andh 184 a and o 184 a and w 184 a and ai 185 a and au 185 ai and e 186
(b) The Changes with e 187 e and ei 187 e and h 187 e and i 188 e and o 189 e]a<n and a@n 190
(c) The Changes with h 191 h and i 191 h and ei 192 hi and ei 193 h and ^ 194 h and u 195
(d) The Changes with i 195 i and ei 195 ei and i 197 i and o 198 i and oi 198 i and u 198
(e) The Changes with o 199 o and ou 199 o and u 200 o and w 200 w and o 201
(f) The Changes with u 201 u and eu 201 o and ou 202
(g) The Changes with w 202 w and ou 202 w and wu* 203
(h) Contraction and Syncope 203 (i) Diphthongs and Dieresis 204 (j) Aphaeresis and Prothetic Vowels 205 (k) Elision 206 (l) Crisis 208
III. Consonant-Changes 209 (a.) Origin and Character of the Consonants 209 (b) The Insertion of Consonants 210

xxvi A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT

PAGE (c) The Omission of Consonants 210 (d) Single or Double Consonants 211 (e) Assimilation of Consonants 215 (f) Interchange and Changing Value of Consonants 217 (g) Aspiration of Consonants 219 (h) Variable Final Consonants 219 (i) Metathesis 221 IV. Breathings 221

(a) Origin of the Aspirate 221

(b) Increasing De-aspiration (Psilosis) 222

(c) Variations in the MSS. (Aspiration and Psilosis) 223

(d) Transliterated Semitic Words 225

(e) The Use of Breathings with r and rr 225

(f) The Question of Au[tou? 226
V. Accent

(a) The Age of Greek Accent 226

(b) Significance of Accent in the Koinh< 228

(c) Signs of Accent 229

(d) Later Developments in Accent 229

(e) N. T. Peculiarities 230

1. Shortening Stem-V owels 230 2. Separate Words 231 3. Difference in Sense 232 4. Enclitics (and Proclitics) 233 5. Proper Names 235 6. Foreign Words 235
VI. Pronunciation in the Koinh< 236 VII. Punctuation 241 (a) The Paragraph 241 (b) Sentences 242 (c) Words 243 (d) The Editor's Prerogative 244

CHAPTER VII. The Declensions
I. The Substantive 246
1. History of the Declensions 246 2. The Number of the Cases 247 (a) The History of the Forms of the Cases 247 (b) The Blending of Case-Endings 249 (c) Origin of Case-Suffixes 250 3. Number in Substantives 251 4. Gender in Substantives 252 (a) Variations in Gender 252

226

246-302

FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS xxvii PAGE
(b) Interpretation of the LXX 254
(c) Variations Due to Heteroclisis and Metaplasm 254 5. The First or a Declension 254 (a) The Doric Genitive-Ablative Singular a 254 (b) The Attic Genitive-Ablative Singular 255 (c) Vocative in —a of masc. nouns in — thj 256 (d) Words in —ra and Participles in — ui?a 256 (e) The Opposite Tendency to (d) 256 (f) Double Declension 257 (g) Heteroclisis and Metaplasm 257 (h) Indeclinable Substantives 259 6. The Second or o Declension 259 (a) The So-Called Attic Second Declension 260 (b) Contraction 260 (c) The V ocative 261 (d) Heteroclisis and Metaplasm 261 (e) The Mixed Declension 263 (f) Proper Names 263 7. The Third Declension (consonants and close vowels i and u) 263 (a) The Nominative as V ocative 264 (b) The Accusative Singular 264 (c) The Accusative Plural 265 (d) Peculiarities in the Nominative 267 (e) The Genitive-Ablative Forms 268 (f) Contraction 268 (g) Proper Names 268 (h) Heteroclisis and Metaplasm 269 8. Indeclinable Words 269 II. The Adjective 270 1. The Origin of the Adjective 270 2. Inflection of Adjectives 271 (a) Adjectives with One Termination 271 (b) Adjectives with Two Terminations 272 (c) Adjectives with Three Terminations 273 (d) The Accusative Singular 274 (e) Contraction in Adjectives 274 (f) Indeclinable Adjectives 275 3. Comparison of Adjectives 276 (a) The Positive 276 (b) The Comparative 276 (c) The Superlative 278 III. Numerals 281 1. The Origin of Numerals 281 2. Variety among Numerals 281 (a) Different Functions 281 (b) The Cardinals 281

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A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT

(c) The Ordinals
(d) Distributives in the N. T. (e) Numeral Adverbs
IV. Pronouns
1. Idea of Pronouns
2. Antiquity of Pronouns 3. Pronominal Roots
4. Classification
(a) The Personal Pronouns (b) The Intensive Pronoun (c) Reflexive Pronouns
(d) Possessive Pronouns
(e) Demonstrative Pronouns (f) Relative Pronouns
(g) Interrogative Pronouns
(h) Indefinite Pronouns
(i) Distributive and Reciprocal Pronouns
V. Adverbs
1. Neglect of Adverbs
2. Formation of the Adverb (a) Fixed Cases
(1) The Accusative (2) The Ablative
(3) The Genitive
(4) The Locative
(5) The Instrumental (6) The Dative
(b) Suffixes
(c) Compound Adverbs
(d) Analogy
(e) The Comparison of Adverbs
3. Adverbial Stems
(a) Substantives
(b) Adjectives (c) Numerals (d) Pronouns (e) V erbs
4. Use of Adverbs
(a) Adverbs of Manner
(b) Adverbs of Place
(c) Adverbs of Time 5. Scope of Adverbs
(a) Relation between Adverbs and Prepositions (b) Adverbs and Conjunctions
(c) Adverbs and Intensive Particles
(d) Adverbs and Interjections

PAGE 283 284 284 284 284 285 285 286 286 287 287 288 289 290 291 292 292 293 293 294 294 294 295 295 295 295 296 296 296 297 297 297 298 298 298 298 298 299 299 299 300 300 301 301 302
303

FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS xxix PAGE
CHAPTER VIII. Conjugation of the Verb
I. Difficulty of the Subject 303 II. Nature of the Verb 303
(a) V erb and Noun 303 (b) Meaning of the Verb 304 (c) Pure and Hybrid Verbs 304
III. The Building of the Verb 305 IV. The Survival of – mi Verbs 306 (a) A Cross Division 306 (b) The Oldest Verbs 306 (c) Gradual Disappearance 306 (d) N. T. Usage as to - mi Verbs 307 1. The Second Aorists (active and middle) 307 2. Some - mi Presents 311 3. Some – mi Perfects 319 V. The Modes 320 (a) The Number of the Moods or Modes (Modi) 320 (b) The Distinctions between the Moods 321 (c) The Indicative 322 (d) The Subjunctive 323 (e) The Optative 325 (f) The Imperative 327 1. The Non-Thematic Stem 327 2. The Thematic Stem 327 3. The Suffix – qi 328 4. The Suffix - tw 328 5. The Old Injunctive Mood 328 6. Forms in — sai 329 7. The Form in –son 329 8. First Person 329 9. Prohibitions 330 10. Perfect Imperative 330 11. Periphrastic Presents 330 12. Circumlocutions 330 VI. The Voices 330 (a) Transitive and Intransitive 330 (b) The Names of the Voices 331 (c) The Relative Age of the Voices 332 (d) The So-Called "Deponent" Verbs 332 (e) The Passive Supplanting the Middle 333 (f) The Personal Endings 335 (g) Cross-Divisions 335 (h) The Active Endings 335

303-376

xxx A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT

PAGE (i) The Middle Endings 339
(j) Passive Endings 340 (k) Contract Verbs 341 VII. The Tenses 343 (a) The Term Tense 343 (b) Confusion in Names 344 (c) The Verb-Root 344 (d) The Aorist Tense 345 (e) The Present Tense 350
1. The Root Class 350
2. The Non-Thematic Reduplicated Present 350
3. The Non-Thematic Present with – na– and – nu-- 351
4. The Simple Thematic Present 351
5. The Reduplicated Thematic Present 351
6. The Thematic Present with a Suffix 351 (a) The i class 351 (b) The n class 352 (g) The sk class 352 (d) The t class 352 (e) The q class 353
(f) The Future Tense 353 (g) The Perfect Tenses 357
1. The Name 357
2. The Original Perfect 357
3. The k Perfect
4. The Aspirated Perfects 359 5. Middle and Passive Forms 359 6. The Decay of the Perfect Forms 359 7. The Perfect in the Subjunctive, Optative, Imperative 360 8. The Perfect Indicative 360 9. S in Perfect Middle and Passive and Aorist Passive 362
(h) Reduplication 362 1. Primitive 362 2. Both Nouns and V erbs 362 3. In Three Tenses in Verbs 362 4. Three Methods in Reduplication 363 5. Reduplication in the Perfect 363
(i) Augment 365 1. The Origin of Augment 365 2. Where Found 365 3. The Purpose of Augment 365 4. The Syllabic Augment 365 5. The Temporal Augment 366 6. Compound V erbs 367 7. Double Augment 367
VIII. The Infinitive 368 1. No Terminology at First 368

358

FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS xxxi

PAGE 2. Fixed Case-Forms 368
3. With Voice and Tense 369
4. No Personal Endings 370
5. Dative and Locative in Form 370
6. The Presence of the Article 371
7. The Disappearance of the Infinitive 371
8. Some N. T. Forms 371 IX. The Participle 371
1. The Name 371
2. Verbal Adjectives 372
3. True Participles 373
4. In Periphrastic Use 374

PART III — SYNTAX CHAPTER IX. The Meaning of Syntax

377-1208 379-389

I. Backwardness in the Study of Syntax 379 II. New Testament Limitations 381 III. Recent Advance by Delbruck 383 IV. The Province of Syntax 384
(a) The Word Syntax 384 (b) Scope of Syntax 385 (c) Construction of Words and Clauses 385 (d) Historical Syntax 386 (e) Irregularities 386
V. The Method of this Grammar 387 (a) Principles, not Rules 387 (b) The Original Significance 387 (c) Form and Function 387 (d) Development 388 (e) Context 388 (f) Translation 389 (g) Limits of Syntax 389
CHAPTER X. The Sentence
I. The Sentence and Syntax 390 II. The Sentence Defined 390
(a) Complex Conception 390 (b) Two Essential Parts 390 (c) One-Membered Sentence 391 (d) Elliptical Sentence 391 (e) Only Predicate 391 (f) Only Subject 393 (g) Verb not the Only Predicate 394

390-445
xxxii

A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT

PAGE (h) Copula not Necessary 395
(i) The Two Radiating Foci of the Sentence 396
(j) Varieties of the Simple Sentence 397 III. The Expansion of the Subject 397 (a) Idea-Words and Form-Words 397 (b) Concord and Government 397 (c) The Group around the Subject 398
1. Subordinate Clause 398
2. With the Article 398
3. The Adverb 398
4. The Adjective 398
5. The Substantive 398 (a) By an oblique case 398 (b) Apposition 398 IV. The Expansion of the Predicate 400 (a) Predicate in Wider Sense 400 (b) The Infinitive and the Participle 400 (c) The Relation between the Predicate and Substantives 400 (d) The Pronoun 400 (e) Adjectives 401
(f) The Adverb 401 (g) Prepositions 401 (h) Negative Particles ou] and mh< 401
(i) Subordinate Clauses 401
(j) Apposition with the Predicate and Looser Amplifications 401
V. Subordinate Centres in the Sentence VI. Concord in Person
VII. Concord in Number
(a) Subject and Predicate
1. Two Conflicting Principles
2. Neuter Plural and Singular 3. Collective Substantives
4. The Pindaric Construction
5. Singular V erb with First
6. The Literary Plural (b) Substantive and Adjective
(c) Representative Singular
(d) Idiomatic Plural in Nouns (e) Idiomatic Singular in Nouns (f) Special Instances
VIII. Concord in Gender
(a) Fluctuations in Gender
(b) The Neuter Singular
402
402
403
403
403
V erb 403 404 404 Subject 405 406 407 408 408 409 409 410 410 411
FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS xxxiii PAGE
(c) Explanatory o! e]stin and tou?t ] e@stin 411 (d) The Participle 412 (e) Adjectives 412
IX. Concord in Case 413 (a) Adjectives 413 (b) Participles 413 (c) The Book of Revelation 413 (d) Other Peculiarities in Apposition 416 (e) The Absolute Use of the Cases (nominative, genitive, ab-
lative and accusative) 416 X. Position of Words in the Sentence 417 (a) Freedom from Rules 417 (b) Predicate often First 417 (c) Emphasis 417 (d) The Minor Words in a Sentence 418 (e) Euphony and Rhythm 419 (f) Prolepsis 423 (g) Hysteron Proteron 423 (h) Hyperbaton 423 (i) Postpositives 424 (j) Fluctuating Words 424 (k) The Order of Clauses in Compound Sentences 425 XI. Compound Sentences 425 (a) Two Kinds of Sentences 425 (b) Two Kinds of Compound Sentences 426 (c) Paratactic Sentences 426 (d) Hypotactic Sentences 426 XII. Connection in Sentences 427 (a) Single Words 427 (b) Clauses 428 1. Paratactic Sentences 428 2. Hypotactic Sentences 429 3. The Infinitive and Participle as Connectives 431 (c) Two Kinds of Style 432 (d) The Parenthesis 433 (e) Anacoluthon 435 1. The Suspended Subject 436 2. Digression 437 3. The Participle in Anacolutha 439 4. Asyndeton Due to Absence of de< and a]lla< 440 (f) Oratio Variata 440 1. Distinction from Anacoluthon 440 2. Heterogeneous Structure 441

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A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT
PAGE 3. Participles in Oratio Variata 442
4. Exchange of Direct and Indirect Discourse 442 (g) Connection between Separate Sentences 443 (h) Connection between Paragraphs 444 XIII. Forecast 444

CHAPTER XI. The Cases
I. History of the Interpretation of the Greek Cases 446
(a) Confusion 446 (b) Bopp's Contribution 446 (c) Modern Usage 447 (d) Green's Classification 447 (e) Syncretism of the Cases 448 (f) Freedom in Use of Case 448
II. The Purpose of the Cases 449 (a) Aristotle's Usage 449 (b) Word-Relations 449
III. The Encroachment of Prepositions on the Cases 450 (a) The Reason 450 (b) No "Governing" of Cases 450 (c) Not Used Indifferently 450 (d) Original Use with Local Cases 451 (e) Increasing Use of Prepositions 451 (f) Distinction Preserved in the N. T 452
IV. The Distinctive Idea of Each of the Cases 453 (a) Fundamental Idea 453 (b) Cases not Used for One Another 454 (c) Vitality of Case-Idea 454 (d) The Historical Development of the Cases 454 (e) The Method of this Grammar 456
V. The Nominative Case 456 (a) Not the Oldest Case 456 (b) Reason for the Case 457 (c) Predicate Nominative 457 (d) Sometimes Unaltered 458 (e) The Nominative Absolute 459 (f) The Parenthetic Nominative 460 (g) In Exclamations 461 (h) Used as Vocative 461
VI. The Vocative Case 461 (a) Nature of the Vocative 461

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FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS xxxv PAGE
(b) Various Devices 462 (c) Use of w# with the Vocative 463 (d) Adjectives Used with the Vocative 464 (e) Apposition to the Vocative 464 (f) Vocative in Predicate 464 (g) The Article with the V ocative 465

VII. The Accusative Case (a) The Name

466 466 466

(b) Age and History
(c) The Meaning of the Accusative 467 (d) With Verbs of Motion 468 (e) Extent of Space 469 (f) Extent of Time 469 (g) With Transitive Verbs 471 (h) The Cognate Accusative 477 (i) Double Accusative 479 (j) With Passive Verbs 484 (k) The Adverbial Accusative 486 (1) The Accusative by Antiptosis 488 (m) The Accusative by Inverse Attraction 488 (n) The Accusative with the Infinitive 489 (o) The Accusative Absolute 490 (p) The Accusative with Prepositions 491

VIII. The Genitive (True) Case 491 (a) Two Cases with One Form 491 (b) Name Incorrect 492 (c) The Specifying Case 493 (d) The Local Use 494 (e) The Temporal Use 495 (f) With Substantives 495
1. The Possessive Genitive 495 2. Attributive Genitive 496 3. The Predicate Genitive 497 4. Apposition or Definition 498 5. The Subjective Genitive 499 6. The Objective Genitive 499 7. Genitive of Relationship 501 8. Partitive Genitive 502 9. The Position of the Genitive 502 10. Concatenation of Genitives 503
(g) The Genitive with Adjectives 503 (h) The Genitive with Adverbs and Prepositions 505 (i) The Genitive with Verbs 505

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A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT
PAGE 1. V ery Common 506
2. Fading Distinction from Accusative 506

V erbs of Sensation 507

V erbs of Emotion 508

5. Verbs of Sharing, Partaking and Filling 509 6. V erbs of Ruling 510 7. Verbs of Buying, Selling, Being Worthy of 510 8. Verbs of Accusing and Condemning 511 9. Genitive Due to Prepositions in Composition 511 10. Attraction of the Relative 512 (j) The Genitive of the Infinitive 512 (k) The Genitive Absolute 512 IX. The Ablative Case 514 (a) The Name 514 (b) The Meaning 514 (c) Rare with Substantives 514 (d) The Ablative with Adjectives 515 (e) The Ablative, with Prepositions 516 (f) The Ablative with Verbs 517 1. Verbs of Departure and Removal 518

V erbs of Ceasing, Abstaining 518

V erbs of Missing, Lacking, Despairing 518

4. Verbs of Differing, Excelling 519

V erbs of Asking and Hearing 519

V erbs with the Partitive Idea 519

7. Attraction of the Relative 519 X. The Locative Case 520 (a) The Name Locative 520 (b) The Significance of the Locative 520 (c) Place 521 (d) Time 522 (e) Locative with Adjectives 523 (f) Locative with Verbs 523 (g) The Locative, with Substantives 524 (h) The Locative with Prepositions 524 (i) The Pregnant Construction of the Locative 525 XI. The Instrumental Case 525 (a) The Term Instrumental 525 (b) Syncretistic? 526 (c) Place 526 (d) Time 527 (e) The Associative Idea 528 (f) With Words of Likeness and Identity 530 (g) Manner 530

FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS xxxvii PAGE
(h) Degree of Difference 532 (i) Cause 532 (j) Means 532 (k) With Prepositions 534
XII. The Dative (True) Case 535 (a) Syncretism 535 (b) The Decay of the Dative 535 (c) The Idea of the Dative 536 (d) The Dative with Substantives 536 (e) With Adjectives 537 (f) With Adverbs and Prepositions 537 (g) With Verbs 538
1. Indirect Object 538 2. Dativus Commodi vel Incommodi (Ethical) 538 3. Direct Object 539 4. The Dative with Intransitive V erbs 541

5. Possession
6. Infinitive as Final Dative
7. The Dative of the Agent
8. The Dative because of the Preposition 542
(h) Ambiguous Examples 543

CHAPTER XII. Adverbs
I. Special Difficulties 544
(a) Nature of the Adverb 544
(b) The Narrower Sense of Adverb 544 II. Adverbs with Verbs 545 (a) Commonest Use 545 (b) N. T. Usage 545 (c) Predicative Uses with gi<nomai and ei]mi 545 (d) With e@xw 546 (e) With Participles 546 (f) Loose Relation to the Verb 546

Adverbs Used with Other Adverbs 546

Adverbs with Adjectives 546

Adverbs with Substantives 547

Adverbs Treated as Substantives 547

VII. The Pregnant Use of Adverbs 548 VIII. Adverbs as Marks of Style 548 IX. The Adverb Distinguished from the Adjective 549 (a) Different Meaning 549 (b) Difference in Greek and English Idiom 549

541 541 542

544-552

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A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT
PAGE X. Adverbial Phrases 550 (a) Incipient Adverbs 550 (b) Prepositional Phrases 550 (c) Participles 551 (d) The Verb Used Adverbially 551

CHAPTER XIII. Prepositions
I. The Name 553
(a) Some Postpositive 553 (b) Not Originally Used with Verbs 553 (c) Explanation 553
II. The Origin of Prepositions 554 (a) Originally Adverbs 554 (b) Reason for Use Of Prepositions 554 (c) Varying History 555
III. Growth in the Use of Prepositions 555 (a) Once No Prepositions 555 (b) The Prepositions Still Used as Adverbs in Homer 555 (c) Decreasing Use as Adverbs after Homer 555 (d) Semitic Influence in N. T. 556 (e) In Modern Greek 557
IV. Prepositions in Composition with Verbs 557 (a) Not the Main Function 557 (b) Preposition Alone 558 (c) Increasing Use 558 (d) Repetition after Verb 559 (e) Different Preposition after Verb 560 (f) Second Preposition Not Necessary 562 (g) Effect of Preposition on Meaning of the Verb 562 (h) Dropping the Preposition with Second Verb 563 (i) Intensive or Perfective 563 (j) Double Compounds 565
V. Repetition and Variation of Prepositions 565 (a) Same Preposition with Different Cases 565 (b) Repetition with Several Nouns 566 (c) Repetition with the Relative 566 (d) Condensation by Variation 567
VI. The Functions of Prepositions with Cases 567 (a) The Case before Prepositions 567 (b) Notion of Dimension 567 (c) Original Force of the Case 567

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FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS xxxix PAGE
(d) The Ground-Meaning of the Preposition 568 (e) The Oblique Cases Alone with Prepositions 568 (f) Original Freedom 568 (g) No Adequate Division by Cases 569 (h) Situation in the N. T. 569
1. Those with One Case 570 2. Those with Two Cases 570 3. Those with Three Cases 570 4. Possibly Four with e]pi< 570
(i) Each Preposition in a Case 570 VII. Proper Prepositions in the N. T 571

(a) ]Ana< (b) ]Anti< (c) ]Apo<
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
(d) Dia< 1.
2. 3. 4.
(e) ]En 1.
2. 3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

571 572 574
Original Significance 575 Meaning 'Back' 576 "Translation-Hebraism" in fobei?sqai a]po< 577 Comparison with e]k 577 Comparison with para< 578 Compared with u[po< 579

580 The Root-Idea 580 'By Twos' or 'Between' 580 'Passing Between' or 'Through' 581 'Because of' 583 584 Old Use of e]n with Accusative or Locative 584 ]En Older than ei]j 585 Place 586 Expressions of Time 586 'Among' 587 'In the Case of,' 'in the Person of' or simply 'in' 587 As a Dative? 588 Accompanying Circumstance 588 'Amounting to,' ‘Occasion,’ ‘Sphere’ 589 10. Instrumental Use of e]n 589 (f) Ei]j 591 1. Original Static Use 591 2. With Verbs of Motion 593 3. With Expressions of Time 594 4. Like a Dative 594 5. Aim or Purpose 594 6. Predicative Use 595 7. Compared with e]pi< and pro<j 596 (g) ]Ek 596 1. Meaning 596 2. In Composition 596

xl A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT

PAGE Place 597 Time 597 Separation 597 Origin or Source 598 Cause or Occasion 598 The Partitive Use of e]k 599 ]Ek and e]n 599 600 Ground-Meaning 600
In Composition in the N. T 600 Frequency in N. T. 600 With the Accusative 601 With the Genitive 602 With the Locative 604 The True Dative 605 605 Root-Meaning 605 Distributive Sense 606 kata< in Composition 606 With the Ablative 606 With the Genitive 607 With the Accusative 607 609 The Root-Meaning 609
In Composition 609 Compared with aim 609 Loss of the Locative Use 610 With the Genitive 610 With the Accusative 612 (k) Para< 612
1. Significance 612
2. Compared with pro<j 613
3. In Composition 613
4. With the Locative 614
5. With the Ablative 614
6. With the Accusative 615 (l) Peri< 616
1. The Root-Meaning 617
2. In Composition 617
3. Originally Four Cases Used 617
4. With the Ablative 617
5. With the Genitive 618
6. With the Accusative 619 (m) Pro< 620
1. The Original Meaning 620
2. In Composition 620
3. The Cases Used with pro< 621
4. Place 621

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
(h) ]Epi< 1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

(i) Kata< 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (j) Meta< 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS xli PAGE
5. Time 621 6. Superiority 622
(o) Su<n 1.
2. 3. 4.
(p) [Upe<r

622 The Meaning 622 In Composition 623 Originally with Five Cases 623 The Ablative 623 With the Locative 624 With the Accusative 624 626 The Meaning 626 History 627 In Composition 627 N. T. Usage 628 628 1. The Meaning 629 2. In Composition 629 3. With Genitive? 629 4. With Ablative 630 5. The Accusative with u[pe<r 632 (q) [Upo< 633 1. The Original Meaning 633 2. In Composition 633 3. The Cases Once Used with u[po< 634 4. With the Accusative 635 5. With the Ablative 635 VIII. The "Adverbial" Prepositions 638

(n) Pro<j 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

1. !Ama 638 2. @Aneu 638 3. @Antikru(j) 638 4. ]Anti<pera 638 5. ]Ape<nanti 639 6. @Ater 639 7. @Axri(j) 639 8. ]Egguj< 639 9. ]Ektoj< 640 10. @Emprosqen 640 11. @Enanti 640 12. ]Enanti<on 640 13. !Eneka 641 14. ]Ento<j 641 15. ]Enw<pion 641 16. @Ecw 642 17. @Ecwqen 642 18. ]Ep-a<nw 642 19. ]Epe<keina 642 20. @Esw 642 21. @Ewj 643 22. Kate<nanti 643

A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT
PAGE 23. Katenw<pion 644 24.Kukloq< en 644 25. Kuk< l& 644 26. Mes< on 644 27. Metacu< 645 28.Mex< ri 645 29. @Opisqen 645 30. ]Opis< w 645 31. ]Oye< 645 32. Para-plhs< ion 646 33. Par-ektoj< 646 34. Per< an 646 35. Plh<n 646 36. Plhsio< n 646 37. [Uper-a<nw 646 38. [Uper-ek< eina 647 39. [Uper-e]k-perissou? 647 40. [Upo-ka<tw 647 41. Xar< in 647 42. Xwrij< 647 IX. Compound Prepositions 648 X. Prepositional Circumlocutions 648 (a) Mes< on 648 (b) @Onoma 649 (c) Pros< wpon 649 (d) Stom< a 649 (e) Xeir< 649
CHAPTER XIV. Adjectives
I. Origin of Adjectives 650 II. The Adjectival or Appositional Use of the Substantive 651 III. The Adjective as Substantive 652
(a) Any Gender 652 (b) With Masculine Adjectives 652 (c) With Feminine Adjectives 652 (d) With the Neuter 653
IV. Agreement of Adjectives with Substantives 654 (a) In Number 654 (b) In Gender 655 (c) In Case 655 (d) Two or More Adjectives 655
V. The Attributive Adjective 655 VI. The Predicate Adjective 656 VII. Adjective Rather than Adverb 657

xlii

650-675

FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS

xliii PAGE

VIII. The Personal Construction 657 IX. Adjectives Used with Cases 658 X. Adjectives with the Infinitive and Clauses 658 XI. The Adjective as Adverb 659 XII. The Positive Adjective 659
(a) Relative Contrast 659 (b) Used as Comparative or Superlative 660 (c) With Prepositions 661 (d) Comparison Implied by 661 (e) In Absolute Sense 661
XIII. The Comparative Adjective 662 (a) Contrast or Duality 662 (b) Degree 663 (c) Without Suffixes 663 (d) Double Comparison 663 (e) Without Object of Comparison 664 (f) Followed by 666 (g) Followed by the Ablative 666 (h) Followed by Prepositions 667 (i) The Comparative Displacing the Superlative 667
XIV. The Superlative Adjective 669 (a) The Superlative Vanishing 669 (b) A Few True Superlatives in the N. T. 669 (c) The Elative Superlative 670 (d) No Double Superlatives 670 (e) Followed by Ablative 670 (f) No "Hebraistic" Superlative 671
XV. Numerals 671 (a) Eij$ and Prwt? oj 671 (b) The Simplification of the "Teens" 672 (c) The Inclusive Ordinal 672 (d) The Distributives 673 (e) The Cardinal [Epta< 673 (f) Substantive Not Expressed 674 (g) Adverbs with Numerals 674 (h) Ei$j as Indefinite Article 674 (i) Eij$ =Tij 675 (j) The Distributive Use of Eij$ 675

CHAPTER XV. Pronouns
I. Personal. Pronouns 676
(a) The Nominative 676 1. The First Person 677 2. The Second Person 678 3. The Third Person 679

676-753

xliv A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT
PAGE (b) The Oblique Cases of the Personal Pronouns 680
1. Originally Reflexive 680
2. Au]tou? 681
3. Genitive for Possession 681
4. Enclitic Forms 681 (c) The Frequency of the Personal Pronouns 682 (d) Redundant 683 (e) According to Sense 683 (f) Repetition of the Substantive 684 II. The Possessive Pronouns 684 (a) Just the Article 684 (b) Only for First and Second Persons 684 (c) Emphasis, When Used 684 (d) With the Article 685 (e) Possessive and Genitive Together 685 (f) Objective Use 685 (g) Instead of Reflexive 685 III. The Intensive and Identical Pronoun 685 (a) The Nominative Use of Au]toj< 685 (b) Varying Degrees of Emphasis 686 (c) Au]toj< with out$ oj 686 (d) Au]toj< almost Demonstrative 686 (e) In the Oblique Cases 686 (f) Au]to<j Side by Side with the Reflexive 687 (g) [O au]to<j 687 IV. The Reflexive Pronoun 687 (a) Distinctive Use 687 (b) The Absence of the Reflexive from the Nominative 688 (c) The Indirect Reflexive 688 (d) In the Singular 688 (e) In the Plural 689 (f) Article with 690 (g) Reflexive in the Reciprocal Sense 690 (h) Reflexive with Middle Voice 690 (i) The Use of @Idioj 691 V. The Reciprocal Pronoun 692 VI. Demonstrative Pronouns 693 (a) Nature 693 (b) Different Shades of Meaning 693 (c) [O, h[, to< 693 (d) !Oj 695 (e) !Ode 696

FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS. xlv PAGE

(f) Ou$toj 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

697 The Purely Deictic 697 The Contemptuous Use of ou$toj 697 The Anaphoric Use 697 In Apposition 698 Use of the Article 700 Article Absent 701 Ou$toj in Contrast with e]kei?noj 702 As Antecedent of the Relative Pronoun 703 Gender and Number of Ou$toj 704 10. The Adverbial Uses of tou?to and tau?ta 704 11. The Phrase tou?t ] e@stin 705 12. In Combination with Other Pronouns 705 13. Ellipsis of Out$ oj 705 14. Shift in Reference 706 (g) ]Ekein? oj 706 1. The Purely Deictic 707 2. The Contemptuous Use 707 3. The Anaphoric 707 4. The Remote Object (Contrast) 707 5. Emphasis 708 6. With Apposition 708 7. Article with Nouns except when Predicate 708 8. As Antecedent to Relative 708 9. Gender and Number 708 10. Independent Use 709 (h) Au]toj< 709 (i) The Correlative Demonstratives 709 VII. Relative Pronouns 710 (a) List in the N T. 710 (b) The Name "Relative" 711 (c) A Bond between Clauses 711 (d) !Oj 711 1. In Homer 711 2. Comparison with Other Relatives 711 3. With Any Person 712 4. Gender 712 5. Number 714 6. Case 714 (a) Absence of attraction normal 714 (b) Cognate accusative 715 (g) Attraction to the case of the antecedent 715 (d) Inverse attraction 717 (e) Incorporation 718 7. Absence of Antecedent 719 8. Prepositions with the Antecedent and the Relative 721 9. Relative Phrases 721 10. Pleonastic Antecedent 722

xlvi A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT
PAGE 11. The Repetition of o!j 723 12. A Consecutive Idea 724 13. Causal 724 14. In Direct Questions 725 15. In Indirect Questions 725 16. The Idiom ou]dei<j e]stin o!j 726 (e) !Ostij 726
1. Varied Uses 726
2. The Distinction between o!j and o!stij 726
3. The Indefinite Use 727
4. The Definite Examples 727
5. Value of o!j? 728
6. Case 728
7. Number 729
8. Gender 729
9. Direct Questions 729 10. Indirect Questions 730
( f ) O i o$ j 731
1. Relation to o!j 731
2. Incorporation 731
3. Indirect Question 731
4. Number 731
5. Oi$o<n te< e]stin 732 (g) [Opoio? j 732
1. Qualitative 732
2. Double Office 732
3. Correlative 732 (h) !Osoj 732
1. Quantitative 732
2. Antecedent 732
3. Attraction 732
4. Incorporation 733
5. Repetition 733
6. With a@n 733
7. Indirect Questions 733
8. In Comparison 733
9. Adverbial 733 (i) [Hli<koj 733 (j) [O as Relative 734 VIII. Interrogative Pronouns 735 (a) Tij< 735
1. Substantival or Adjectival 735
2. The Absence of Gender 735
3. Ti<j = poi?oj 735
4. Indeclinable ti< 736
5. Predicate Use of ti< with tou?to 736
6. In Alternative Questions 736
7. The Double Interrogative 737

FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS xlvii PAGE
8. As Relative 737 9. Adverbial Use 738 10. With Prepositions 739 11. With Particles 739 12. As Exclamation 739 13. Indirect Questions 739 14. Ti<j or ti<j 739
( b ) P o i o? j 740 1. Qualitative 740 2. Non-qualitative 740 3. In Indirect Questions 740
(c) Pos< oj 740 1. Less Frequent than poio? j 740 2. Meaning 740 3. In Indirect Questions 741 4. The Exclamatory Use 741
(d) Phlik< oj 741 1. Rare 741 2. Indirect Questions 741
(e) Potapo<j 741
(f) Pot< eroj 741 IX. Indefinite Pronouns 741 (a) Tij> 741 1. The Accent 741 2. Relation to tij< 741 3. Ti>j as Substantive 742 4. With Numerals= 'About' 742 5. With Substantives 742 6. With Adjectives 743 7. As Predicate 743
8. The Position of tij 743 9. As Antecedent 743 10. Alternative 743 11. The Negative Forms 743 12. Indeclinable ti 744
(b) Ei$j = Tij 744 (c) Pa?j = ‘any one' 744 ( d ) [ O D e i n? a 744
X. Alternative or Distributive Pronouns 744 (a) ]Amfo<teroi 744 (b) !Ekastoj 745
1. Without Substantive 745 2. With Substantive 745 3. With eij$ 746 4. With Genitive 746 5. Partitive Apposition 746 6. Rare in Plural 746 7. Repetition 746

xlviii

A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT
PAGE (c) @Alloj 746
1. Used absolutely= ‘An-other,’ ’One Other’ 746
2. For Two 746
3. As Adjective 747
4. With the Article 747
5. The Use of a@lloj a@llo 747
6. In Contrast for 'Some - Others' 747
7. Ellipsis of a@lloj 747
8. The Use of a@lloj and e!teroj Together 747
9. =’Different’ 747 10. ]Allo<trioj 748 (d) @Eteroj 748
1. Absolutely 748
2. With Article 748
3. Second of Pair 748
4. = 'Different' 748
5. = 'Another' of Three or More 749
6. In Contrast 749 (e) Other Antithetic Pronouns 750
XI. Negative Pronouns 750 (a) Ou]deij< 750

History 750

Ou]qei<j 750

Gender 751

Ou]de> ei$j 751

Ei$j—ou] 751

(b) Mhdeij< 751 (c) Ou@tij and Mht< ij 751 (d) With Pa?j 752 1. Ou] paj? 752 2. Ou] –pa?j 752 3. Mh< -- pa?j 752 4. Ou] mh< -- pa?n 753 5. Pa?j – ou] 753 6. Pa?j – mh< 753 7. Pa?j – ou] mh< 753 8. Ou] – pan< tej 753 9. Pa<ntej ou] 753

CHAPTER XVI. The Article
I. Other Uses of o[, h[, to< 754 II. Origin and Development of the Article 754
(a) A Greek Contribution 754
(b) Derived from the Demonstrative 755 III. Significance of the Article 755 IV. The Method Employed by the Article 756

754-796

FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS xlix PAGE
(a) Individuals from Individuals 756 (b) Classes from Other Classes 757 (c) Qualities from Other Qualities 758
V. Varied Usages of the Article 758 (a) With Substantives 758 1. Context 758 2. Gender of the Article 759 3. With Proper Names 759 4. Second Mention (Anaphoric) 762 (b) With Adjectives 762 1. The Resumptive Article 762 2. With the Adjective Alone 762 3. The Article not Necessary with the Adjective 763 4. With Numerals 764 (c) With Participles 764 (d) With the Infinitive 765 (e) With Adverbs 765 (f) With Prepositional Phrases 766 (g) With Single Words or Whole Sentences 766 (h) With Genitive Alone 767 (i) Nouns in the Predicate 767 (j) Distributive 769 (k) Nominative with the Article=Vocative 769 (1) As the Equivalent of a Possessive Pronoun 769 (m) With Possessive Pronouns 770 (n) With Au]toj< 770 (o) With Demonstratives 770 (p) With !Oloj, Pa?j ( !Apaj) 771 (q) With Polu<j 774 (r) @Akroj, {Hmisuj, @Esxatoj, Me<soj 775

@Eteroj 775 776 776 776 1. Normal Position of the Adjective 776
2. The Other Construction (Repetition of the Article) 776 3. Article Repeated Several Times 777 4. One Article with Several Adjectives 777 5. With Anarthrous Substantives 777 6. With Participles 777
(b) With Genitives 779 1. The Position between the Article and the Substantive 779 2. Genitive after the Substantive without Repetition of
the Article 779 3. Repetition of Article with Genitive 780

(s) With @Alloj and

(t) Mo<noj
VI. Position with Attributives

(a) With Adjectives

l A GRAMMAR OP THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT
PAGE 4. The Article Only with Genitive 780
5. Article Absent with Both 780
6. The Correlation of the Article 780 (c) With Adjuncts or Adverbs 782
1. Between the Article and the Noun 782
2. Article Repeated 782
3. Only with Adjunct 782
4. Only with the Noun 782
5. When Several Adjuncts Occur 783
6. Phrases of Verbal Origin 784
7. Exegetical questions 784
8. Anarthrous Attributives 784 (d) Several Attributives with Kai< 785
1. Several Epithets Applied to the Same Person or Thing 785
2. When to be Distinguished 786
3. Groups Treated as One 787
4. Point of View 787
5. Difference in Number 788
6. Difference in Gender 788
7. With Disjunctive Particle 789 VII. Position with Predicates 789 VIII. The Absence of the Article 790 (a) With Proper Names 791 (b) With Genitives 791 (c) Prepositional Phrases 791 (d) With Both Preposition and Genitive 792 (e) Titles of Books or Sections 793 (f) Words in Pairs 793 (g) Ordinal Numerals 793 (h) In the Predicate 794 (i) Abstract Words 794 (j) Qualitative Force 794 (k) Only Object of Kind 794 IX. The Indefinite Article 796

CHAPTER XVII. Voice
I. Point of View 797
(a) Distinction between Voice and Transitiveness 797 (b) Meaning of Voice 798 (c) Names of the Voices 798 (d) History of the Voices 793 (e) Help from the Sanskrit 798 (f) Defective Verbs 799
II. The Active Voice 799 (a) Meaning of the Active Voice 799

797-820

FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS li PAGE
(b) Either Transitive or Intransitive 799 (c) Effect of Prepositions in Composition 800 (d) Different Tenses Vary 800 (e) The Active as Causative 801 (f) Active with Reflexives 802 (g) Impersonal Active 802 (h) Infinitives 802 (i) Active Verbs as Passives of Other Verbs 802
III. The Middle Voice 803 (a) Origin of the Middle 803 (b) Meaning of the Middle 803 (c) Often Difference from Active Acute 804 (d) The Use of the Middle not Obligatory 804 (e) Either Transitive or Intransitive 806 (f) Direct Middle 806 (g) Causative or Permissive Middle 808 (h) Indirect Middle 809 (i) Reciprocal Middle 810 (j) Redundant Middle 811 (k) Dynamic (Deponent) Middle 811 (1) Middle Future, though Active Present 813 (m) The Middle Retreating in the N. T. 814
IV. The Passive Voice 814 (a) Origin of the Passive 814 (b) Significance of the Passive 815 (c) With Intransitive or Transitive Verbs 815 (d) The Passive Usually Intransitive 816 (e) Aorist Passive 816 (f) Future Passive 818 (g) The Agent with the Passive Voice 820 (h) Impersonal Construction 820

CHAPTER XVIII. Tense
I. Complexity of the Subject 821
1. The Difficulty of Comparing Greek Tenses with Germanic
Tenses 821 2. Bad Influence of the Latin on Greek Grammarians 822 3. Absence of Hebrew Influence 822 4. Gradual Growth of the Greek Tenses 822 5. "Aktionsart" of the Verb-Stem 823 6. The Three Kinds of Action Expressed in Terms of Tense 824 7. Time Element in Tense 824 8. Faulty Nomenclature of the Tenses 825

821-910

lii

A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT
PAGE 9. The Analytic Tendency (Periphrasis) 826 10. The Effect of Prepositions on the Verb 826 11. "Aktionsart" with Each Tense 828 12. Interchange of Tenses 829 II. Punctiliar Action 830
1. The Aorist 831 (a) Aktionsart in the Aorist 831 (a) Constative Aorist 831 (b) Ingressive Aorist 834 (g) Effective Aorist 834 (b) Aorist Indicative 835 (a) The Narrative or Historical Tense 835 (b) The Gnomic Aorist 836 (g) Relation to the Imperfect 837 (d) Relation to the Past Perfect 840 (e) Relation to the Present 841 (z) Relation to Present Perfect 843 (h) Epistolary Aorist 845 (q) Relation to the Future 846 (i) Aorist in Wishes 847 (k) Variations in the Use of Tenses 847 (l) Translation of the Aorist into English 847 (c) The Aorist Subjunctive and Optative 848 (a) No Time Element in Subjunctive and Optative 848 (b) Frequency of Aorist Subjunctive 848 (g) Aktionsart 850 (d) Aorist Subjunctive in Prohibitions 851 (e) Aorist Subjunctive with ou] mh< 854
(z ) Aorist Optative 854 (d) The Aorist Imperative 855 (<e) The Aorist Infinitive 856 (f) The Aorist Participle 858 (a) Aktionsart 858 (b) [O and the Aorist Participle 859 (g) Antecedent Action 860 (d) But Simultaneous Action is Common also 860
(e) Subsequent Action not Expressed by the Aorist Participle 861
(z) Aorist Participle in Indirect Discourse (Comple- mentary Participle) 864 2. Punctiliar (Aoristic) Present 864 (a) The Specific Present 865 (b) The Gnomic Present 866 (c) The Historical Present 866 (d) The Futuristic Present 869 3. The Punctiliar (Aoristic) Future 870 (a) Punctiliar or Durative 870

FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS liii PAGE
(b) The Modal Aspect of the Future 872 (a) Merely Futuristic 873 (b) The Volitive Future 874 (g) Deliberative Future 875
(c) The Future in the Moods 876 (a) The Indicative 876 (b) The Subjunctive and Optative 876 (g) The Infinitive 876 (d) The Participle 877
(d) The Periphrastic Substitutes for the Future 878 III. Durative (Linear) Action 879 1. Indicative 879 (a) The Present (o[ e]nestw<j) for Present Time 879 (a) The Descriptive Present 879 (b) The Progressive Present 879 (g) The Iterative or Customary Present 880 (d) The Inchoative or Conative Present 880 (e) The Historical Present 880 (z) The Deliberative Present 880 (h) The Periphrastic Present 880 (q) Presents as Perfects 881 (i) Perfects as Presents 881 (k) Futuristic Presents 881 (b) The Imperfect for Past Time 882 (a) Doubtful Imperfects 882 (b) The Descriptive Tense in Narrative 883 (g) The Iterative (Customary) Imperfect 884 (d) The Progressive Imperfect 884 (e) The Inchoative or Conative Imperfect 885 (z) The "Negative" Imperfect 885 (h) The "Potential" Imperfect 885 (q) In Indirect Discourse 887 (i) The Periphrastic Imperfect 887 (k) Past Perfects as Imperfects 888 (c) The Future for Future Time 888
(a) The Three Kinds of Action in the Future (futur- istic, volitive, deliberative) 889 (b) The Periphrastic Future 889 2. Subjunctive and Optative 889

3. Imperative 4. Infinitive 5. Participle

890 890 891

(a) The Time of the Present Participle Relative 891 (b) Futuristic 891 (c) Descriptive 891 (d) Conative 892 (e) Antecedent Time 892 (f) Indirect Discourse 892

liv A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT
PAGE (g) With the Article 892 (h) Past Action Still in Progress 892 (i) “Subsequent” Action 892 (j) No Durative Future Participles 892 IV. Perfected State of the Action 892
1. The Idea of the Perfect 892 (a) The Present Perfect 892 (b) The Intensive Perfect 893 (c) The Extensive Perfect 893 (d) Idea of Time in the Tense 894
2. The Indicative 894 (a) The Present Perfect 894 (a) The Intensive Present Perfect 894
(b) The Extensive Present Perfect=a completed state 895 (g) The Present Perfect of Broken Continuity 896 (d) The Dramatic Historical Present Perfect 896 (e) The Gnomic Present Perfect 897 (z) The Perfect in Indirect Discourse 897 (h) Futuristic Present Perfect 898 (q) The "Aoristic" Present Perfect 898 (i) The Periphrastic Perfect 902 (k) Present as perfect 903
(6) The Past Perfect 903 (a) The Double Idea 903 (b) A Luxury in Greek 903 (g) The Intensive Past Perfect 904 (d) The Extensive Past Perfect 904 (e) The Past Perfect of Broken Continuity 905 (z) Past Perfect in Conditional Sentences 906 (h) The Periphrastic Past Perfect 906 (q) Special Use of e]kei<mhn 906
(c) The Future Perfect 906 3. The Subjunctive and Optative 907 4. The Imperative 908 5. The Infinitive 903
(a) Indirect Discourse 903 (b) Perfect Infinitive not in Indirect Discourse 909 (a) Subject or Object Infinitive 909 (b) With Prepositions 909 6. The Participle 909 (a) The Meaning 909 (b) The Time of the, Tense 909
(c) The Perfect Tense Occurs with Various Uses of the Participle 910 (d) The Periphrastic, Participle 910

CHAPTER XIX. Mode
Introductory 911 A. Independent or Paratactic Sentences 914

911-1049

FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS lv PAGE
I. The Indicative Mode 914 1. Meaning of the Indicative Mode 914 2. Kinds of Sentences Using the Indicative 915
(a) Either Declarative or Interrogative 915
(b) Positive and Negative 917 3. Special Uses of the Indicative 918 (a) Past Tenses 918 (a) For Courtesy 918
(b) Present Necessity, Obligation, Possibility, Pro- priety in Tenses of the Past 919
(g) The Apodosis of Conditions of the Second Class 921
(d) Impossible Wishes 923 (b) The Present 923 (c) The Future 924
II. The Subjunctive Mode 924 1. Relations to Other Modes 924 (a) The Aorist Subjunctive and the Future Indicative 924 (b) The Subjunctive and the Imperative 925 (c) The Subjunctive and the Optative 925 2. Original Significance of the Subjunctive 926 3. Threefold Usage 928 (a) Futuristic 928 (b) Volitive 930 (c) Deliberative 934 III. The Optative Mode 935 1. History of the Optative 935 2. Significance 936 3. The Three Uses 937 (a) Futuristic or Potential 937 (b) Volitive 939 (c) Deliberative 940 IV. The Imperative 941 1. Origin of the Imperative 941 2. Meaning of the Imperative 941 3. Disappearance of the Imperative Forms 941 4. Alternatives for the Imperative 942 (a) The Future Indicative 942 (b) The Subjunctive 943 (c) The Optative 943 (d) The Infinitive 943 (e) The Participle 944 5. Uses of the Imperative 946 (a) Command or Exhortation 946 (b) Prohibition 947 (c) Entreaty 947 (d) Permission 948

lvi A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT
PAGE (e) Concession or Condition 948 (f) In Asyndeton 949 (g) In Subordinate Clauses 949 (h) The Tenses 950 (i) In Indirect Discourse 950 B. Dependent or Hypotactic Sentences 950 Introductory 950 (a) Use of Modes in Subordinate Sentences 950 (b) The Use of Conjunctions in Subordinate Clauses 951 (c) Logical Varieties of Subordinate Clauses 952
1. Relative Sentences 953 (a) Relative Sentences Originally Paratactic 953 (b) Most Subordinate Clauses Relative in Origin 953 (c) Relative Clauses Usually Adjectival 954 (d) Modes in Relative Sentences 955 (e) Definite and Indefinite Relative Sentences 956 (f) The Use of a@n in Relative Clauses 957 (g) Special Uses of Relative Clauses 960 (h) Negatives in Relative Clauses 962
2. Causal Sentences 962 (a) Paratactic Causal Sentences 962 (b) With Subordinating Conjunctions 963 (c) Relative Clauses 965 (d) Dia> to< and the Infinitive 966 (e) The Participle 966
3. Comparative Clauses 966 (a) The Relative o!soj 966 (b) Relative o!j with kata< 967 (c) Kaqo<ti in a Comparative Sense 967 (d) [Wj and its Compounds 967
4. Local Clauses 969
5. Temporal Clauses 970 (a) Kin to Relative Clauses in Origin and Idiom 970 (b) Conjunctions Meaning 'When' 971 (c) The Group Meaning 'Until' (‘While’) 974 (d) Some Nominal and Prepositional Phrases 977 (e) The Temporal Use of the Infinitive 978 (f) Temporal Use of the Participle 979
6. Final and Consecutive Clauses 980 (a) Kinship 980 (b) Origin in Parataxis 980 (c) Pure Final Clauses 981 (a) !Ina 981 (b) !Opwj 985 (g) [Wj 987 (d) Mh<, mh< pote, mh< pwj 987 (e) Relative Clauses 989 (z) The Infinitive 989 (h) The Participle 991

FULL TABLE OE CONTENTS lvii PAGE
(d) Sub-Final Clauses 991 (a) !Ina 991 (b) !Opwj 994 (g) Mh<, mh< pwj, mh< pote 995 (d) The Relative Clause 996 (e) The Infinitive 996 (z) Ei] and o!ti 997
(e) Consecutive Clauses 997 (a) @Ina 997 (b) !Wste 999 (g) [Wj 1000 (d) !Oti 1001 (e) The Relative 1001 (z) The Infinitive 1001
7. Wishes 1003 8. Conditional Sentences 1004 (a) Two Types 1004 (b) Four Classes 1004 (a) Determined as Fulfilled 1007 (b) Determined as Unfulfilled 1012
(g) Undetermined, but with Prospect of Determina-
tion 1016 (d) Remote Prospect of Determination 1020 (c) Special Points 1022 (a) Mixed Conditions 1022 (b) Implied Conditions 1022 (g) Elliptical Conditions 1023 (d) Concessive Clauses 1026 (e) Other Particles with ei] and e]a<n 1027 9. Indirect Discourse 1027 (a) Recitative !Oti in Oratio Recta 1027 (b) Change of Person in Indirect Discourse 1028 (c) Change of Tense in Indirect Discourse 1029 (d) Change of Mode in Indirect Discourse 1030 (e) The Limits of Indirect Discourse 1031 (f) Declarative Clauses 1032 (a) !Oti and the Indicative 1032 (b) The Infinitive 1036 (g) The Participle 1040 (d) Kai> e]ge<neto 1042 (g) Indirect Questions 1043 (a) Tense 1043 (b) Mode 1043 (g) Interrogative Pronouns and Conjunctions Used 1044 (h) Indirect Command 1046 (a) Deliberative Question 1046 (b) The Conjunctions i!na and o!pwj 1046 (g) The Infinitive 1046

lviii A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT
PAGE (i) Mixture 1047 (j) The Subordinate Clause 1048 10. Series of Subordinate Clauses 1048

CHAPTER XX. Verbal Nouns
I. Kinship 1050 II. The Infinitive 1051
1. Origin 1051 2. Development 1052

(a) The (b) The (c) The (d) The (e) The
3. Significance 4. Substantival

Prehistoric Period 1052 Earliest Historic Period 1052 Classic Period from Pindar on 1054 Koinh< Period 1054 Later Period 1056

1056 Aspects of the Infinitive 1058 (a) Case (Subject or Object Infinitive) 1058 (b) The Articular Infinitive 1062 (c) Prepositions 1068 (d) The Infinitive with Substantives 1075 (e) The Infinitive with Adjectives 1076 (f) The Infinitive with Verbs 1077 (g) The Appositional Infinitive 1078 5. Verbal Aspects of the Infinitive 1079 (a) V oice 1079 (b) Tense 1080 (c) Cases with the Infinitive 1082 (d) The Infinitive in Indirect Discourse 1082 (e) Personal Construction with the Infinitive 1085 (f) Epexegetical Infinitive 1086 (g) Purpose 1087 (h) Result 1089 (i) Cause 1091 (j) Time 1091 (k) The Absolute Infinitive 1092 (1) Negatives 1093 (m) @An with the Infinitive 1095

III. The Participle
1. The Verbals in --toj and —te<oj 1095 2. History of the Participle 1098
(a) The Sanskrit Participle 1098 (b) Homer's Time 1098 (c) The Attic Period 1098 (d) The Koinh< 1099 (e) Modern Greek 1099
3. Significance of the Participle 1100 (a) Originally an Adjective 1100 (b) The Addition of the Verbal Functions 1101

1050-1141

1095
FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS lix PAGE
(c) The Double Aspect of the Participle 1101 (d) Relation between Participle and Infinitive 1101 (e) Method of Treating the Participle 1103
4. Adjectival Aspects of the Participle 1104 (a) Declension 1104 (b) Attributive Participle 1105
(a) Anarthrous 1105
(b) Articular 1106 (c) Predicate Participle 1108 (d) The Participle as a Substantive 1108 (e) The Participle as an Adverb 1109
5. Verbal Aspects of the Participle 1110 (a) V oice 1110 (b) Tense 1111
(a) Timelessness of the Participle 1111 (b) The Aorist 1112 (g) The Present 1115 (d) The Perfect 1116 (e) The Future 1118
(c) Cases 1119 (d) The Supplementary Participle 1119 (a) The Periphrastic Construction 1119 (b)ADiminutionoftheComplementaryParticiple 1120 (g) Verbs of Emotion 1121 (d) Indirect Discourse 1122 (e) The Circumstantial Participle 1124 (a) The General Theory 1124 (b) Varieties of the Circumstantial Participle 1125 (g)TheAbsoluteParticipleinSubordinateClauses 1130

(f) The Independent Participle in a Sentence (g) Co-ordination between Participles
(h) Ou] and mh< with the Participle
(i) Other Particles with the Participle
CHAPTER XXI. Particles
I. Scope 1142 II. Intensive or Emphatic Particles 1144
1. Limitations 1144 2. The N. T. Illustrations 1147 (a) Ge< 1147 (b) Dh< 1149 (c) Ei# mh<n, nh< and nai< 1150 (d) Men< 1150 (e) Per< 1153 (f) Toi< 1154 III. Negative Particles 1155 1. The Objective ou] and its Compounds 1155 (a) Origin 1155
1132
1135
1136
1139
1142-1193
lx A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT
PAGE (b) History 1156 (c) Meaning 1156 (d) Uses 1156 (i) The Indicative 1157 (a) Independent Sentences 1157 (b) Subordinate Clauses 1158 (ii) The Subjunctive 1160 (iii) The Optative 1161 (iv) The Imperative 1161 (v) The Infinitive 1162 (vi) The Participle 1162 (vii) With Nouns 1163 (e) Kai> Ou] 1164 (f) Redundant or Pleonastic Ou] 1164 (g) Repetition of Ou] 1164 (h) The Intensifying Compound Negative 1164 (i) The Disjunctive Negative 1165 2. The Subjective Negative Mh< and Its Compounds 1166 (a) The History of Mh< 1166 (b) Significance of Mh< 1167 (c) Uses of Mh< 1168 (i) The Indicative 1168 (ii) The Subjunctive 1169 (iii) The Optative 1170 (iv) The Imperative 1170 (v) The Infinitive 1170 (vi) The Participle 1172 (vii) Nouns 1172 (d) The Intensifying Compounds with Mh< 1172 (e) Kai> mh< 1173 (f) Disjunctive Use of Mh< 1173 3. Combination of the Two Negatives 1173 (a) Mh> ou] 1173 (b) Ou] mh< 1174 IV. Interrogative Particles 1175 1. Single Questions 1175 (a) Direct Questions 1175 (i) No Particle at All 1175 (ii) The Use of Negative Particles 1175 (iii) Other Particles 1176 (iv) Interrogative Pronouns 1176 (v) Interrogative Conjunctions 1176 (b) Indirect Questions 1176 (i) Pronouns 1176 (ii) Conjunctions 1177 2. Double Questions 1177 (i) Direct 1177 (ii) Indirect 1177

FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS lxi PAGE
V. Conjunctions 1177 1. Paratactic Conjunctions 1177 (a) Copulative 1177 (i) Te< 1178 (ii) Kai< 1179 (iii) De< 1183 (iv) ]Alla< 1185 (b) Adversative 1186 (i) De< 1186 (ii) ]Alla< 1186 (iii) Plhn< 1187 ( i v ) M e n< t o i 1188 (v) !Omwj 1188 (vi) Ei] mh< 1188 (c) Disjunctives 1188 (i) @H 1188 (ii) Ei@te-- ei@te (e]a<nte –e]a<nte) 1189 (iii) Ou@te--ou@te (mh<te—mh<te) 1109 (d) Inferential Conjunctions 1189 (i) @Ara 1189 (ii) Gar< 1190 (iii) Oun# 1191 2. Hypotactic Conjunctions 1192 VI. Interjections 1193
CHAPTER XXII. Figures of Speech
I. Rhetorical, not Grammatical 1194 II. Style in the N. T. 1194 III. Figures of Idea or Thought 1198 IV. Figures of Expression 1199
(a) Parallels and Contrasts 1199 (b) Contrasts in Words 1200 (c) Contraction and Expansion 1201 (d) Metaphors and Similar Tropes 1206
ADDITIONAL NOTES
1. Kaqari<zw or kaqeriz< w 1209 2. Prothetic Vowels hi the N. T 1209 3. Elision 1210 4. Parrhsi<a 1210 5. Assimilation of e]n mes< & 1210 6. Rules for Assimilation of Consonants 1210 7. Metathesis 1210 8. Enclitics and Proclitics 1211 9. Boustrofhdo<n 1211 10. Perfect of o[raw< 1211 11. Augment in the Past Perfect 1211

12. List of Important Verbs
13. Ablaut 1220

1194-1208

1209-1221

1212-1220

lxii A GRAMMAR OF THE GREEK NEW TESTAMENT

INDEX OF SUBJECTS INDEX OF GREEK WORDS INDEX OF QUOTATIONS

PAGE 1223-1248 1249-1290 1291-1376

(a) New Testament 1291 (b) Old Testament 1361 (c) Inscriptions 1366 (d) Papyri and Ostraca 1367 (e) Greek Literature 1372
(i) Classical 1372
(ii) Koinh< 1373 (f) Latin 1376 ADDENDA TO THE SECOND EDITION 1377 ADDENDA TO THE THIRD EDITION 1385

INDEX TO ADDENDA TO SECOND AND THIRD EDITIONS

1433-1454