Jürgen Renn (ed)
Preface Jürgen Renn
About the Contributions
World Map – Chapter Overview
About the Contributors
1 The Globalization of Knowledge in History: An Introduction Jürgen Renn and Malcolm D. Hyman
- 1.1 The Development of Knowledge as a Global Learning Process
- 1.2 The Role of Knowledge in Globalization Processes
- 1.3 A Theoretical Framework for Studying the Globalization of Knowledge
- 1.4 A Historical Outline of the Globalization of Knowledge
2 Knowledge and Science in Current Discussions of Globalization Helge Wendt and Jürgen Renn
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Major Contributions to a History of Globalization
- 2.3 Knowledge and Science in Narratives of Globalization
- 2.4 Revisiting Europe from a Global Perspective
- 2.5 Capitalism and Industrial Revolution as Controversial Milestones of Globalization
- 2.6 Summary
- 2. Acknowledgement
3 Survey: From Technology Transfer to the Origins of Science Malcolm D. Hyman and Jürgen Renn
- 3.1 The Beginnings of the Globalization of Knowledge
- 3.2 The Spread of Knowledge in the Context of the Migration of Early Humans
- 3.3 The Spread of Agriculture and Other Early Cultural Techniques
- 3.4 The Spread of Animal Husbandry and Implications for Long-Distance Transport
- 3.5 The Spread of the Proto-Indo-European Language as an Example of Knowledge Disseminated Through Language
- 3.6 Urbanization in Babylonia and the Invention of Writing
- 3.7 Multilingualism, Language Contact and the Spread of Knowledge
- 3.8 The Spread of Babylonian Culture
- 3.9 Greek Science and Its Counterparts
- 3.10 Interpreting Early History with the Help of a Typology of Knowledge
- 3.11 From Practical via Symbolic to Scientific Knowledge
- 3.12 Knowledge Representations in Early History
- 3.13 A Typology of Transmission Processes
- 3.14 From the Early History of Knowledge to the Origins of Science
4 Technological Transfer and Innovation in Ancient Eurasia Daniel T. Potts
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Terminology and Ideology
- 4.3 Inverting Kroeber's Stimulus Diffusion Model: From Polemics to Applied Science
- 4.4 A Eurasian Problem: Western Influences in the Development of Chinese Metallurgy
- 4.5 New Perspectives on an Old Problem
- 4.6 Perspectives on the Study of Technology Transfer in Eurasian Metallurgy
- 4.7 Fellow Travelers in Eurasian Transfers
- 4.8 Conclusions
5 Writing, Language and Textuality: Conditions for the Transmission of Knowledge in the Ancient Near East Eva Cancik-Kirschbaum
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Writing, Language, and Kulturtechnik
- 5.3 Writing and Textuality: Different Levels of Representation of Knowledge
- 5.4 Literacy and the Material Aspects of Writing
6 The Origins of Writing and Arithmetic Peter Damerow
- 6.1 Globalized Systems of Writing and Arithmetic
- 6.2 When is Writing Writing and When Is Arithmetic Arithmetic?
- 6.3 The Emergence of Proto-Cuneiform Bookkeeping in the Ancient Near East
- 6.4 The Inherited Semantics of Proto-Cuneiform Administrative Tablets
- 6.5 The Emergence of Proto-Cuneiform Bookkeeping as a Transformation Process
- 6.6 The Unexplored Transition from Proto-Writing and Proto- Arithmetic to Writing and Arithmetic
7 Globalization of Ancient Knowledge: From Babylonian Observations to Scientific Regularities Gerd Graßhoff
8 The Creation of Second-Order Knowledge in Ancient Greek Science as a Process in the Globalization of Knowledge Mark Schiefsky
9 Survey: Knowledge as a Fellow Traveler Jürgen Renn
- 9.1 The Stratification of Knowledge and the Historical Superposition of Globalization Processes
- 9.2 The Accumulation of a Potential for Science
- 9.3 The Role of Empires and the Fragility of Higher-Order Knowledge
- 9.4 The Role of Religion and the Endurance of Higher-Order Knowledge
- 9.5 Science as a Fellow Traveler
- 9.6 The Nature of Religious Knowledge
- 9.7 The Impact of Different Forms of Knowledge Representation
- 9.8 Knowledge Transmission Processes Between Self-Reinforcement and Immune Reaction
- 9.9 Science as an Insular Phenomenon
10 The Spread of Buddhism as Globalization of Knowledge Jens Braarvig
- 10.1 Basic Tenet of Buddhism
- 10.2 Geographical Spread of Buddhism
- 10.3 The Importance of Literacy in Buddhism as Opposed to Orality in the Hindu Traditions
- 10.4 The Text, the Image of the Buddha and the Community of Monks: The Historical Continuity of Buddhism
- 10.5 The Diffusion of Buddhist Dogmas, Rules and Conceptual Schemes by Narratives and Motifs
- 10.6 The Silk Road and the Spread of Buddhism to China and East Asia
- 10.7 The Spread of Buddhism to Tibet
- 10.8 Conclusions
11 The Transmission of Scientific Knowledge from Europe to China in the Early Modern Period Matthias Schemmel
- 11.1 The Global Spread of Modern Science
- 11.2 Science and Technology in China Before the Jesuit Intervention
- 11.3 How Scientific Knowledge Came to Be Transmitted by the Jesuits
- 11.4 Constraints of the Jesuit Context of Knowledge Transmission
- 11.5 The Impact of European Scientific Knowledge on the Chinese Tradition
- 11.6 The Transformation of Knowledge in the Process of Transmission
- 11.7 The Encounter of Two Systems of Knowledge
- 11. Acknowledgments
12 Normative Islam and Global Scientific Knowledge Birgit Krawietz
- 12.1 Knowledge Transmission and Institutions of Higher Learning
- 12.2 Broader Access to Global Secular Knowledge Through Westernization
- 12.3 Problems with Normative Islam in Western Islamic Sciences and Beyond
13 From Khwarazm to Cordoba: The Propagation of Non-Religious Knowledge in the Islamic Empire Gotthard Strohmaier
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 A Special Position of the Christians
- 13.3 A New Kind of Uniformity
- 13.4 Autochthonous Greek Learning versus Indian Science
- 13.5 The Role of the Courts
14 The Sciences in Europe: Transmitting Centers and the Appropriating Peripheries Manolis Patiniotis and Kostas Gavroglu
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Historical Background
- 14.3 Newtonianism in the Greek Intellectual Context
- 14.4 Centers and Peripheries
- 14.5 New Trends in the Historiography of Science
- 14.6 Conclusions
15 The Naturalization of Modern Science in South Asia: A Historical Overview of the Processes of Domestication and Globalization Dhruv Raina
- 15.1 Introduction
- 15.2 The Encounter Between Modern Science and South Asian Knowledge Systems
- 15.3 The Modernity of Science and the Nation
- 15.4 Science in Development and Decolonization
16 Survey: The Place of Local Knowledge in the Global Community Jürgen Renn
- 16.1 Local Knowledge in the Niches of a Globalized World
- 16.2 Intrinsic Versus Extrinsic Development of Local Knowledge and the Example of Local Navigation Techniques
- 16.3 The Double Function of Local Knowledge
- 16.4 First and Second-Order Knowledge and their Representations
- 16.5 Modernization Without Alternatives?
- 16.6 The Unexploited Potential of Local Knowledge in a Post-Colonial World
- 16.7 The Generative Ambiguity of External Representations
- 16.8 The Four Phases of Knowledge Transmission
- 16.9 The Global Context of Encounters Between Local and Global Knowledge
- 16.10 The Role of Local Knowledge as a Matrix of Globalization
17 Taking China to the World, Taking the World to China: Chen Hengzhe and an Early Globalizing Project Denise Gimpel
18 The Introduction of the European University System in Brazil Oscar Abdounur and Adriana Cesar de Mattos
- 18.1 Introduction
- 18.2 The Prehistory of the Creation of Universities in Brazil
- 18.3 The Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932
- 18.4 The Creation of the USP in the Context of the Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932
- 18.5 The International Perspective in the Creation of the USP
- 18.6 The Internal Structure of the USP and the Controversial Status of Mathematics
- 18.7 Fantappiè and the Dispute Concerning the Chair of Calculus at the Polytechnic School
- 18.8 The Shift of the Mathematics Curriculum
- 18.9 Conclusions
19 Celestial Navigation and Technological Change on Moce Island Jarita C. Holbrook
- 19.1 Introduction
- 19.2 Navigation Techniques of the Moce Islanders
- 19.3 First Phase: Blown by the Wind
- 19.4 Navigation Techniques of Moce Islanders Phase II: First-Generation Stellar Navigators
- 19.5 Technological Change: Motoring Along
- 19.6 Discussion
- 19.7 Technological Change in Lau
- 19.8 Conclusions
20 Translation of Central Banking to Developing Countries in the Post-World War II Period: The Case of the Bank of Israel Arie Krampf
- 20.1 Introduction
- 20.2 Knowledge, Translation and the International Policy Discourse
- 20.3 The International Discourse and Regional Convergence
- 20.4 The International Policy Discourse of Central Banking
- 20.5 The Worldwide Diffusion of Developmental Central Banking
- 20.6 Mutual Interdependence Between the Government and the BoI
- 20.7 Conclusions
- 20. Acknowledgments
21 On Juridico-Political Foundations of Meta-Codes Richard Rottenburg
- 21.1 Introduction
- 21.2 The Case Study
- 21.3 The Main Hypothesis
- 21.4 The Meta-Code in Heterogeneous Trading Zones
22 The (Ir)Relevance of Local Knowledge: Circuits of Medicine and Biopower in the Neoliberal Era Hansjörg Dilger
- 22.1 Introduction
- 22.2 Governing Health in the Era of Structural Adjustment and HIV/AIDS
- 22.3 Technologies of the Self in “New” Approaches to Prevention, Care and Treatment
- 22.4 Beyond NGOs and “the Clinic”: Local Moral Worlds and the Limitations of Biopower in Tanzania
- 22.5 Conclusion: Knowledge, Practice and (Bio)Power in the Context of Globalization
23 The Transformations of Knowledge Through Cultural Interactions in Brazil: The Case of the Tupinikim and the Guarani Circe Mary Silva da Silva and Ligia Arantes Sad
- 23.1 Introduction
- 23.2 A Glimpse into History
- 23.3 Identity, Language and Religion
- 23.4 Indigenous Practices
- 23.5 Education
- 23.6 Changes in Cultural Practices
24 Survey: The Globalization of Modern Science Jürgen Renn and Malcolm D. Hyman
- 24.1 A New Stage in the Globalization of Knowledge
- 24.2 The Disciplinary Integration and Spread of Knowledge in the Age of Classical Science and European Imperialism
- 24.3 The Disintegration of Knowledge and the Globalization of Science in the Age of the Great Wars
- 24.4 Modes of Reflection on Globalized Science in the Age of Liberalization
- 24.5 The Persistence of the “Classical Image of Science”
- 24.6 The Formation of Socioepistemic Complexes and the Onset of Socioepistemic Evolution
- 24.7 The Perspectives of Social Studies of Science and of Historical Epistemology
- 24.8 Pathways to Socioepistemic Evolution
- 24.9 Nuclear Physics and the Emergence of Big Science
- 24.10 High-Energy Physics as an Example of Impartial Big Science
- 24.11 Climate and Energy Challenges and the Quest for Socioepistemic Evolution
- 24.12 Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering as Pathways to Socioepistemic Evolution
- 24.13 Global Health as a Challenge to Sociocultural Evolution
- 24.14 Toward a Global Knowledge Infrastructure
- 24.15 Science as a Medium of Reflection for a Globalized World
25 The University of the 21st Century: An Aspect of Globalization Yehuda Elkana
- 25.1 Introduction
- 25.2 Toward Global Contextualism
- 25.3 Academic Freedom
- 25.4 Psychology and the Theory of Meaning
- 25.5 Redesigning Undergraduate Curricula
- 25.6 A New Introductory Seminar
- 25.7 Curriculum Research and the Future of Higher Education
- 25.8 Appendix: Principles for Rethinking Undergraduate Curricula for the 21st Century, A Manifesto
26 The Soviet Psychologists and the Path to International Psychology Ludmila Hyman
27 The Global Diffusion of Nuclear Technology Angelo Baracca
- 27.1 Introduction
- 27.2 “Romantic” Phase: Early Research and Diffusion Mechanisms
- 27.3 The War and the Manhattan Project: Diffusion or Secrecy of Knowledge?
- 27.4 After the War: Monopoly or International Control?
- 27.5 The Turning Point: “Atoms for Peace,” the Supermarket of (Dual-Use) Nuclear Technology
- 27.6 The Landscape Becomes more Complicated: Other Incentives, New Fields
- 27.7 The Establishment and Implementation (or Violation) of the Non-Proliferation Regime
- 27.8 What Changed after the Collapse of the Soviet Union and the End of the Cold War?
- 27.9 Present Problems, Perspectives, Dangers … and Hopes
- 27.10 Conclusions
28 The Role of Open and Global Communication in Particle Physics Hans Falk Hoffmann
- 28.1 Introduction
- 28.2 Particle Physics: A Global Science
- 28.3 Open Communication: Global Collaboration to Address Complex Science Issues
- 28.4 Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) Infrastructure in Particle Physics
- 28.5 Conclusions
29 Internationalism and the History of Molecular Biology Hans-Jörg Rheinberger
30 The Role of Chemistry in the Global Energy Challenge Robert Schlögl
- 30.1 Introduction
- 30.2 Energy and Climate
- 30.3 The Scale of the Energy Challenge
- 30.4 Energy and Chemistry: EnerChem
- 30.5 Energy Scenarios
- 30.6 One Possible Target Scenario
- 30.7 Technical Summary
- 30.8 Global Aspects of Chemistry for Energy
- 30.9 Limiting Factors Within the Science
- 30.10 Global External Interfaces
- 30.11 Conclusions
- 30. Acknowledgements
31 Climate Change as a Global Challenge – and its Implications for Knowledge Generation and Dissemination Daniel Klingenfeld and Hans Joachim Schellnhuber
- 31.1 The Global Character and Phenomenology of Climate Change
- 31.2 Responding to a Global Challenge with a Global Scientific Assessment Effort: The IPCC
- 31.3 Recent Findings in Climate Change Science Through World-Class Cooperation
- 31.4 From Insights to Actions: The Need for Global Governance and the Emergence of Local Action
- 31.5 The Limits to Science and Reason?
32 Toward an Epistemic Web Malcolm D. Hyman and Jürgen Renn
- 32.1 Introduction
- 32.2 What is Fundamentally New About the Web as a Knowledge Representation Technology?
- 32.3 What Are the Shortcomings of the Present-Day Web?
- 32.4 What Are the Options for Future Developments of the Web?
- 32.5 Knowledge: The Perspective of Historical Epistemology
- 32.6 A Short History of Knowledge Representation Technologies
- 32.7 Challenges for the Future of the Web
- 32.8 The Epistemic Web
- 32. Acknowledgments
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